Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox comics creator Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson (né Strain, January 7, 1890 – September 21, 1965) was an American pulp magazine writer, entrepreneur and military officer who pioneered the American comic book, publishing the first such periodical consisting solely of original material rather than reprints of newspaper comic strips. Historian and author David Hajdu credits Wheeler-Nicholson as "the link between the pulps and what we know of as comics today."[1] He launched the magazine comics company National Allied Publications in 1935, which would evolve to become DC Comics, one of the United States' two largest comic book publishers along with rival Marvel Comics. He was a 2008 Judges' Choice inductee into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame.[2]
Biography
Early life and military career
Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson was born as Malcolm Strain on January 7, 1890 with English and Swedish Ancestry,[3]Template:Efn in Greeneville, Tennessee.[4][5] His biological father, was Lewis "Lola" Orlando Strain, and his mother was Antoinette Wheeler. In May 1890, Strain was named as a stockholder and secretary treasurer of the newly opened Watagua Lumber Company in nearby Johnson City. It wasn’t long before the company ran into money problems from their inability to collect on debts owed. In August 1891, it was forced to close. The impact of its closing apparently affected Strain’s personal finances, as over the next couple of years, he was suing Watauga Lumber and was being sued by others himself. Complicating the matter for the Strains was that they had recently separated. It had been a hard year for them. They had begun the year with the birth of their youngest son, Christopher, on January 3, and then suffered the trauma of the death of their oldest child, their daughter Caroline on November 26. Along with their own financial difficulties, it was all too much and they separated soon after. Strain moved to Oregon, while his wife took the children and went north to New York City. Strain supposedly died alone in 1894; Antoinette became a journalist, and later joined a start-up women's magazine[6] in Portland, Oregon.[5] By this time she had changed her last name to "Straham", a variant of "Strain", and upon marrying teacher Thomas J. B. Nicholson, who would become the boys' stepfather, reverted to her maiden name and appended her new married name.[6] The brothers were raised in "an iconoclastic, intellectual household" where their family entertained such guests as Theodore Roosevelt and Rudyard Kipling.[7]
Wheeler-Nicholson spent his boyhood both in Portland and on a horse ranch in Washington state.[8] Raised riding horses, he went on to attend the military academy The Manlius School in DeWitt, New York, and in 1917 joined the U.S. Cavalry[9] as a second lieutenant.[10] According to differing sources, he rose to become either "the youngest major in the Army",[7] the youngest in the Cavalry,[11] or, as per the family, one of the youngest in the Cavalry, at age 27,[8] By his own account, he "chased bandits on the Mexican border, fought fevers and played polo in the Philippines, led a battalion of infantry against the Bolsheviki in Siberia, helped straighten out the affairs of the army in France [and] commanded the headquarters cavalry of the American force in the Rhine".[12] His outposts included Japan; London, England; and Germany.[13] After World War I, Wheeler-Nicholson was sent to study at Saint-Cyr in Paris, France.[8]
The Major's public criticism of Army command in an open letter to President Warren G. Harding, and his accusations against senior officers, led to countercharges, hearings, and a lawsuit against West Point Superintendent General Fred W. Sladen.[14] Wheeler-Nicholson also was a victim of a shooting that his family called an Army-sanctioned assassination attempt[8] and the Army called the mistake of a guard who mistook Wheeler-Nicholson for an intruder at another officer's home.[14] It left him hospitalized with a bullet wound.[8][14][15] Following this, Wheeler-Nicholson in June 1922 was convicted in a court-martial trial of violating the 96th Article of War in publishing the open letter.[16][17] Although he was not demoted, his career was dead-ended.[18] He resigned his commission in 1923.[16] His $100,000 lawsuit against Sladen was dismissed by the New York State Supreme Court the following year.[19]
Writing career
Wheeler-Nicholson wrote nonfiction about military topics, including the 1922 book Modern Cavalry.[8] He also wrote fiction, including the Western hardcover novel Death at the Corral.[8] By 1922 Wheeler-Nicholson had begun writing short stories for the pulps.[7] The Major soon became a cover name, penning military and historical adventure fiction for such magazines as Adventure and Argosy.[12] He additionally ghost wrote six adventure novels about air hero Bill Barnes for Street & Smith Publications.[10]
Concurrently, in 1925, he founded Wheeler-Nicholson, Inc.[8][11] to syndicate his work, which included a daily comic-strip adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island, with art by N. Brewster Morse.[20]
New Fun
In 1935, having seen the emergence of Famous Funnies (1933) and other oversize magazines reprinting comic strips, Wheeler-Nicholson formed the comics publishing company National Allied Publications.[7][21] While contemporary comics "consisted ... of reprints of old syndicate material", Wheeler-Nicholson found that the "rights to all the popular strips ... had been sewn up".[7] While some existing publications had included small amounts of original material,[22] generally as filler, and while Dell Publishing had put out a proto-comic book of all original strips, The Funnies, in 1929, Wheeler-Nicholson's premiere comic – New Fun #1 (Feb. 1935) – became the first comic book containing all-original material.[23] As author Nicky Wright wrote,
A tabloid-sized, 10-inch by 15-inch, 36-page magazine with a cardstock, non-glossy cover, New Fun #1 was an anthology of "humor and adventure strips, many of which [Wheeler-Nicholson] wrote himself".[7] The features included the talking animal comic "Pelion and Ossa" and the college-set "Jigger and Ginger", mixed with such dramatic fare as the Western strip "Jack Woods" and the "yellow peril" adventure "Barry O'Neill", featuring a Fu Manchu-styled villain, Fang Gow.[24] While all-original material was a risky venture, the book sold well enough that National Allied Publishing continued to fill books "with new strips every month".[7] Golden Age comics creator Sheldon Mayer quipped years later of Wheeler-Nicholson: "Not only the first man to publish comic books but also the first to stiff an artist for his check".[25]
The first four issues were edited by future Funnies, Inc. founder Lloyd Jacquet, the fifth by Wheeler-Nicholson himself. Issue #6 (Oct. 1935) brought the comic-book debuts of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the future creators of Superman, who began their careers with the musketeer swashbuckler "Henri Duval" (doing the first two installments before turning it over to others) and, under the pseudonyms "Leger and Reuths", the supernatural-crimefighter adventure Doctor Occult.[26] They would remain on the latter title through issue #32 (June 1938), following the magazine's retitling as More Fun (issues #7–8, Jan.–Feb. 1936),[27] and More Fun Comics (#9–on).[28]
Wheeler-Nicholson added a second magazine, New Comics, which premiered with a Dec. 1935 cover date and at close to what would become the standard size of Golden Age comic books, with slightly larger dimensions than today's. The title became New Adventure Comics with issue #12, and finally Adventure Comics with #32. Continuing for many decades, until issue #503 in 1983, it would become one of the longest-running comic books. In 2009, it was briefly revived with its original numbering, ultimately ending again in 2011 with issue #529, prior to DC Comics' New 52 reboot.[29]
Despite Wheeler-Nicholson's optimism, finding a place in the market was difficult. Newsstands were reluctant to stock a magazine of untested new material from an unknown publisher, particularly as other companies' comics titles were perceived as being "successful because they featured characters everyone knew and loved".[7] Returns were high,[30] and cash-flow difficulties made the interval between issues unpredictable. Artist Creig Flessel recalled that at the company's office on Fourth Avenue, "The major flashed in and out of the place, doing battles with the printers, the banks, and other enemies of the struggling comics".[31]
Later career
Wheeler-Nicholson suffered from continual financial crises, both in his personal and professional lives. "Dick Woods" artist Template:Interlanguage link, whose Manhattan apartment Wheeler-Nicholson used as a rent-free pied-à-terre, said, "His wife would call [from home on Long Island] and be in tears ... and say she didn't have money and the milkman was going to cut off the milk for the kids. I'd send out 10 bucks, just because she needed it".[32]
The third and final title published under his aegis would be Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated Dec. 1936, but eventually premiering three months late, with a March 1937 cover date.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Detective Comics would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27 (May 1939). By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson was gone. In 1937, in debt to printing-plant owner and magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld – who was as well a pulp-magazine publisher and a principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News – Wheeler-Nicholson was compelled to take Donenfeld on as a partner in order to publish Detective Comics #1. Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfeld's accountant, listed as owners.[33]
The major remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued. DC's 50th-anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great cites the Great Depression as "forc[ing] Wheeler-Nicholson to sell his publishing business to Harry Donenfeld and Jack Liebowitz in 1937".[7] However, wrote comics historian Gerard Jones: Template:Blockquote
Wheeler-Nicholson "gave up on the world of commerce thereafter and went back to writing war stories and critiques of the American military"[34] in addition to straight "articles on politics and military history".[7]
Personal life
While studying at the École Supérieure de Guerre in Paris, France, after World War I, Wheeler-Nicholson met Elsa Sachsenhausen Björkbom.[8] They were married in Koblenz, Germany in 1920.[8] Their first child, Antoinette, was born in Stockholm, Sweden, his wife's home, in February 1921.[35] Antoinette married on April 11, 1945, when Wheeler-Nicholson and his wife lived in Great Neck, New York, on Long Island.[36]
In 1923, their second child, daughter Marianne, was born.[16] Son Malcolm was born in November 1926, in Rye, New York,[37] son Douglas in 1928,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". and daughter Diane in 1932.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Douglas married on September 2, 1955, by which time Wheeler-Nicholson and his wife were living in Bayside, Queens, New York City.[38] The major died on September 21, 1965, due to lung cancer in New York City[39][40] and was buried at Nassau Knolls Cemetery in Port Washington, New York.[39]
Actress Dana Wheeler-Nicholson (b. 1960) is the daughter of Wheeler-Nicholson's son Douglas.[41]
Other works
- Modern Cavalry: Studies on Its Role in the Warfare of To-day with Notes on Training for War Service (Macmillan, 1922)
- Battle Shield of the Republic (Macmillan, 1940)[42]
- America Can Win (Macmillan, 1941)[43]
- Are We Winning the Hard Way? (Crowell Publishing, 1943)
- The Texas-Siberia Trail: Adventure stories of Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson (Off-Trail Publications, 2014) edited by John Locke, introduction by Nicky Wheeler-Nicholson
- DC Comics Before Superman: Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson's Pulp Comics (2018, ), Hermes Press, by Nicky Wheeler-Nicholson
References
Notes Template:Notelist
Citations Template:Reflist
External links
- Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson official family website.
- http://www.comicsdetective.com/2019/09/the-major-the-man-the-myth-part-1/
- https://themajorandhislegacy.com/about-the-major/
- Archive (June 15, 2017) of previous version of Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson official family website.
- Profile at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
- Profile at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- CBW Comic History: The Early Years...1896 to 1937, Part II
- ↑ Hajdu in Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite journal
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, p. 9
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 Template:Cite comic
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, p. 11
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wright, Nicky. The Classic Era of American Comics (Contemporary Books, Chicago, 2000) , p. 16
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Template:Cite book
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Template:Cite book
- ↑ Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, pp. 11–12
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required
- ↑ Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, pp. 12–13
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, p. 13
- ↑ Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required
- ↑ In an interview with Wheeler-Nicholson's son, Douglas, in Alter Ego #88 (August 2009): "What they did was to set him back to what they called the '51 files', which is time and grade, the things that would let him get advancement: and it, in effect, ends his career. So he's still in the Army, and he has his rank, but he would not ever be promoted, and he knew that."
- ↑ Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required
- ↑ Goulart, p. 56
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite web The U.S. Library of Congress exhibition "American Treasures of the Library of Congress" (Template:Webarchive) described The Funnies as "a short-lived newspaper tabloid insert", while comics historian Ron Goulart describes the 16-page, four-color, newsprint periodical as "more a Sunday comic section without the rest of the newspaper than a true comic book," in Template:Cite book
- ↑ New Fun #1 (Feb. 1935) at the Grand Comics Database. The entry notes that while the logo appears to be simply Fun, the indicia reads, "New FUN is published monthly at 49 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y., by National Allied Publications, Inc.; Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, President ... Inquiries concerning advertising should be addressed to the Advertising Manager, New FUN,. ... "
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Gcdb series.
- ↑ Template:Gcdb series.
- ↑ Adventure Comics (DC, 2009 series) at the Grand Comics Database
- ↑ Wright, p. 18
- ↑ Goulart, p. 60
- ↑ Goulart, p. 61
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Template:Cite webTemplate:Subscription required
- ↑ Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite webTemplate:Subscription required
- ↑ Interview with granddaughter Nicky Wheeler-Nicholson Brown, "He Was Going to Go for the Big Idea", Alter Ego #88 (August 2009), p. 49
- ↑ Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required
- ↑ Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required