View source for Pogo (comic strip)

{{short description|American comic strip}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox comic strip
| fgcolor     = 
| bgcolor     = 
| title       = Pogo
| image       = [[Image:Pogo - Earth Day 1971 poster.jpg|240px]]
| caption     = ''Pogo'' daily strip from [[Earth Day]] 1971
| author      = [[Walt Kelly]]
| current     = 
| illustrator = 
| status      = Concluded
| first       = October 4, 1948 (as a newspaper strip)
| last        = July 20, 1975
| altnames    = 
| syndicate   = [[Publishers-Hall Syndicate|Post-Hall Syndicate]]
| publisher   = [[Simon & Schuster]], [[Fantagraphics Books]], [[Gregg Press]], [[Eclipse Comics]], Spring Hollow Books
| genre       = Humor, satire, politics
| preceded by = 
| followed by = 
}}

'''''Pogo''''' (revived as '''''Walt Kelly's Pogo''''') was a daily [[comic strip]] that was created by cartoonist [[Walt Kelly]] and syndicated to American newspapers from 1948 until 1975. Set in the [[Okefenokee Swamp]] in the [[Southeastern United States]], ''Pogo'' followed the adventures of its [[anthropomorphic animal]] characters, including the title character, an [[Virginia Opossum|opossum]]. The strip was written for both children and adults, with layers of social and political satire targeted to the latter. ''Pogo'' was distributed by the [[Publishers-Hall Syndicate|Post-Hall Syndicate]]. The strip earned Kelly a [[National Cartoonists Society#Reuben Award|Reuben Award]] in 1951.

==History==
Walter Crawford Kelly Jr. was born in [[Philadelphia]] on August 25, 1913. His family moved to [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], when he was only two. He went to California at age 22 to work on ''[[Donald Duck (film series)|Donald Duck]]'' [[Animated cartoon|cartoons]] at [[Walt Disney Pictures|Walt Disney Studios]] in 1935. He stayed until the [[Disney animators' strike|animators' strike]] in 1941 as an animator on ''[[The Nifty Nineties]]'', ''[[The Little Whirlwind]]'', ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]], [[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]], [[Dumbo]]'' and ''[[The Reluctant Dragon (1941 film)|The Reluctant Dragon]]''. Kelly then worked for [[Dell Comics]], a division of [[Western Publishing]] of [[Racine, Wisconsin]].

===Dell Comics===
Kelly created the characters of Pogo the [[Virginia opossum|possum]] and Albert the alligator in 1941 for issue No. 1 of Dell's ''Animal Comics'' in the story "Albert Takes the Cake".<ref name=toonopedia-pogo/> Both were [[double act|comic foils]] for a young black character named Bumbazine (a corruption of [[bombazine]], a fabric that was usually dyed black and used largely for mourning wear), who lived in the swamp. Bumbazine was retired early, since Kelly found it hard to write for a human child. He eventually phased humans out of the comics entirely, preferring to use the animal characters for their comic potential. Kelly said he used animals&mdash;nature's creatures, or "nature's screechers" as he called them&mdash;"largely because you can do more with animals. They don't hurt as easily, and it's possible to make them more believable in an exaggerated pose." Pogo, formerly a "[[spear carrier]]" according to Kelly, quickly took center stage, assuming the straight man role that Bumbazine had occupied.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barrier |first1=Michael |title=Funnybooks: The Improbable Glories of the Best American Comic Books |date=2014 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520283909|page=70}}</ref>

===''New York Star''===
In his 1954 autobiography for the Hall Syndicate, Kelly said he "fooled around with the Foreign Language Unit of the Army during World War II, illustrating grunts and groans, and made friends in the newspaper and publishing business." In 1948 he was hired to draw [[Editorial cartoon|political cartoons]] for the editorial page of the short-lived [[New_York_Star_(1948–1949)|''New York Star'']]; he decided to do a daily comic strip featuring the characters from ''Animal Comics''. The first comic series to make the permanent transition to newspapers, ''Pogo'' debuted on October 4, 1948, and ran continuously until the paper folded on January 28, 1949.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=James Eric |title=Walt Kelly and Pogo: The Art of the Political Swamp |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786479870 |pages=70–71}}</ref>

===Syndication===
On May 16, 1949, ''Pogo'' was picked up for national distribution by the [[Post-Hall Syndicate]]. [[George Ward (cartoonist)|George Ward]] and [[Henry Shikuma]] were among Kelly's assistants on the strip. It ran continuously until (and past) Kelly's death from complications of [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] on October 18, 1973. According to Walt Kelly's widow Selby Kelly,<ref>Selby Daley Kelly & Steve Thompson, ''Pogo Files for Pogophiles'', Spring Hollow Books, 1992, {{ISBN|0945185030}}</ref> Walt Kelly fell ill in 1972 and was unable to continue the strip. At first, reprints, mostly with minor rewording in the word balloons, from the 1950s and 1960s were used, starting Sunday, June 4, 1972. Kelly returned for just eight Sunday pages, from October 8 to November 26, 1972, but according to Selby was unable to draw the characters as large as he customarily did. The reprints with minor rewording returned, continuing until Kelly's death. Other artists, notably Don Morgan, worked on the strip. Selby Kelly began to draw the strip with the Christmas strip from 1973 from scripts by Walt's son Stephen. The strip ended July 20, 1975. Selby Kelly said in a 1982 interview that she decided to discontinue the strip because newspapers had shrunk the size of strips to the point where people could not easily read it.<ref>Kelly, Walt: ''Phi Beta Pogo'', p. 206, Simon and Schuster, 1989.</ref>

===1989–1993 revival===
Starting on January 8, 1989, the [[Los Angeles Times Syndicate|''Los Angeles Times'' Syndicate]] revived the strip under the title ''Walt Kelly's Pogo'', written by [[Larry Doyle (writer)|Larry Doyle]] and drawn by [[Neal Sternecky]]. Doyle left the strip as of February 24, 1991, and Sternecky took over as both writer and artist until March 22, 1992. After Sternecky left, Kelly's son Peter and daughter Carolyn continued to produce the daily strip until October 2, 1993. The strip continued to run for a couple months with reprints of Doyle and Sternecky's work, and came to an end on November 28, 1993.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |pages=316–317}}</ref>

==Setting==
''Pogo'' is set in the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] section of the [[Okefenokee Swamp]]; [[Fort Mudge, Georgia|Fort Mudge]] and [[Waycross, Georgia|Waycross]] are occasionally mentioned.

The characters live, for the most part, in hollow trees amidst lushly rendered backdrops of North American wetlands, bayous, lagoons and backwoods. Fictitious local landmarks—such as "Miggle's General Store and Emporium" (a.k.a. "Miggle's Miracle Mart") and the "Fort Mudge Memorial Dump", etc.—are occasionally featured. The landscape is fluid and vividly detailed, with a dense variety of (often caricatured) flora and fauna. The richly textured trees and marshlands frequently change from panel to panel within the same strip. Like the [[Coconino County, Arizona|Coconino County]] depicted in ''[[Krazy Kat]]'' and the [[Dogpatch]] of ''[[Li'l Abner]]'', the distinctive cartoon landscape of Kelly's Okefenokee Swamp became as strongly identified with the strip as any of its characters.

There are occasional forays into exotic locations as well, including at least two visits to Australia (during the [[Melbourne]] [[Olympics]] in 1956, and again in 1961). The Aussie natives include a [[bandicoot]], a lady [[wallaby]], and a mustachioed, aviator [[kangaroo]] named "Basher". In 1967, Pogo, Albert and Churchy visit primeval "Pandemonia"—a vivid, "prehysterical" place of Kelly's imagination, complete with mythical beasts (including [[dragons]] and a zebra-striped [[unicorn]]), primitive humans, arks, volcanoes, [[saber-toothed cat]]s, [[pterodactyl]]s and dinosaurs.

Kelly also frequently parodied [[Mother Goose]] nursery rhymes and fairy tales featuring the characters in period costume: "Cinderola", "Goldie Lox and the Fore-bears", "Handle and Gristle", etc. These offbeat sequences, usually presented as a staged play or a [[story within a story]] related by one of the characters, seem to take place in the [[fairy tale]] dreamscapes of children's literature, with European storybook-style cottages and forests, etc.—rather than in the swamp, per se.

==Cast of characters==
===Permanent residents===
{{original research section|date=December 2024}}
* '''Pogo Possum''': An amiable, humble, philosophical, personable, [[everyman]] [[opossum]]. Kelly described Pogo as "the reasonable, patient, softhearted, naive, friendly person we all think we are" in a 1969 ''TV Guide'' interview.<ref>{{cite news |title=Television is discovered in the Okefenokee swamp, and vice versa |newspaper=TV Guide |date=May 17, 1969}}</ref> The wisest (and probably sanest) resident of the swamp, he is one of the few major characters with sense enough to avoid trouble. Though he prefers to spend his time fishing or [[picnic]]king, his kind nature often gets him reluctantly entangled in his neighbors' escapades. He is often the unwitting target of [[matchmaking]] by Miz Beaver (to the coquettish Ma'm'selle Hepzibah), and has repeatedly been forced by the swamp's residents to run for president, always against his will. He wears a simple red and black striped shirt and (sometimes) a crushed yellow fishing hat. His kitchen is well known around the swamp for being fully stocked, and many characters impose upon him for meals, taking advantage of his generous nature.
* '''Albert Alligator''': An exuberant, dimwitted, irascible, and egotistical [[alligator]]. Albert is often the comic foil for Pogo, the rival of Beauregard and Barnstable, or the fall guy for Howland and Churchy. The cigar-chomping Albert is as extroverted and garrulous as Pogo is modest and unassuming, and their many sequences together tend to underscore their balanced, contrasting chemistry—like a seasoned [[Double act|comedy team]]. Albert's creation actually preceded Pogo's, and his brash, bombastic personality sometimes seems in danger of taking over the strip, as he once dominated the comic books. Having an alligator's voracious appetite, Albert often eats things indiscriminately, and is accused on more than one occasion of having eaten another character. Albert is the troop leader of Camp Siberia, the local den of the "Cheerful Charlies" (Kelly's version of the [[Boy Scouts of America|Boy Scouts]]), whose motto is "Cheerful to the Death!" Even though Albert has been known to take advantage of Pogo's generosity, he is ferociously loyal to Pogo and can, in quieter moments, be found scrubbing him in the tub or cutting his hair. Like all Kelly's characters, Albert looks great in costume. This sometimes leads to a classic Albert line (while admiring himself in a mirror): "Funny how a good-lookin' fella look handsome in anything he throw on!"
* '''Howland Owl''': A [[horned owl]] and self-proclaimed "expert" scientist, "perfessor", physician, explorer, astronomer, [[witch doctor]], and anything else he thinks will generate respect for his knowledge. He wears thick rimmed eyeglasses and, in his earliest appearances, a pointed wizard's cap festooned with stars and crescent moons (which also, fittingly, looks like a dunce cap in silhouette.) Thinking himself the most learned creature in the swamp, he once tried to open a school but had to close it for lack of interest. Actually, he is unable to tell the difference between learning, old wives' tales, and the use of big words. Most of the harebrained ideas characteristically come from the mind of Owl. His best pal is Churchy, although their friendship can be rocky at times, often given to whims and frequently volatile.
* '''Churchill "Churchy" LaFemme''': A [[:Kinosternon|mud turtle]] by trade; he enjoys composing songs and poems, often with ridiculous and abrasive lyrics and nonsense rhymes. His name is a play on the French phrase ''[[Cherchez la femme]]'', ("Look for the woman"). Perhaps the least sensible of the major players, Churchy is [[Superstition|superstitious]] to a fault, for example, panicking when he discovers that [[Friday the 13th]] falls on a Wednesday that month. Churchy is usually an active partner in Howland's outlandish schemes, and prone to (sometimes physical) confrontation with him when they (inevitably) run afoul. Churchy first appeared as [[buccaneer]] in ''Animal Comics&nbsp;#13'' (Feb 1945), with a pirate's hat. He was sometimes referred to as "Cap'n LaFemme". This seems incongruous for the guileless Churchy, however, who is far more likely to play-act with Owl at being a [[pantomime]] pirate than the genuine article.
* '''Beauregard Bugleboy''': A [[hound]] dog of undetermined breed; scion of the Cat Bait fortune and occasional [[Keystone Cops]]-attired constable and Fire Brigade chief. He sees himself as a noble, [[Romanticism|romantic]] figure, often given to flights of oratory while narrating his own heroic deeds (in the [[Illeism|third person]]). He periodically appears with "blunked out" eyes playing "Sandy"—alongside Pogo or Albert when they don a curly wig, impersonating "Li'l Arf an' Nonny" (a.k.a. "Lulu Arfin' Nanny", Kelly's recurring parody of ''[[Little Orphan Annie]]''). Beauregard also occasionally dons a [[trench coat]] and [[fedora]], and squints his eyes and juts out his jaw when impersonating a detective in the style of ''[[Dick Tracy]].'' However, his more familiar attire is a simple dog collar—or in later strips, a striped turtleneck sweater and [[Fez (hat)|fez]]. His canine revision of Kelly's annual Christmas burlesque, ''Deck Us All with Boston Charlie'', emerges as "Bark Us All Bow-wows of Folly",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/458/what-are-the-lyrics-to-walt-kellys-classic-carol-deck-us-all-with-boston-charlie |publisher=[[The Straight Dope]] |title=Complete Lyrics to 'Deck Us All with Boston Charlie' |date=March 20, 1981 |access-date=September 11, 2009 |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106041724/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/458/what-are-the-lyrics-to-walt-kellys-classic-carol-deck-us-all-with-boston-charlie |url-status=live }}</ref> although he can't get anyone else to sing it that way. Usually just called "Beauregard" or "ol' Houn' Dog", his full name is Beauregard Chaulmoogra Frontenac de Montmingle Bugleboy.
* '''Porky Pine''': A [[porcupine]], a [[Misanthropy|misanthrope]] and [[cynicism (contemporary)|cynic]]&mdash;prickly on the outside but with a heart of gold. The deadpan Porky never smiles in the strip (except once, allegedly, when the lights were out). Pogo's best friend, equally honest, reflective and introverted, and with a keen eye both for goodness and for human foibles. The swamp's version of [[Eeyore]], Porkypine is grumpy and melancholy by nature, and sometimes speaks of his "annual suicide attempt". He wears an undersized, plaid [[Pinky Lee]]-type hat (with an incongruously tall crown and upturned brim) and a perpetual frown, and is rarely seen without both. Porky has two weaknesses: his infatuation for Miz Ma'm'selle Hepzibah and a complete inability to tell a joke. He unfailingly arrives on Pogo's doorstep with a flower every Christmas morning, although he's always as embarrassed by the sentiment as Pogo is touched. He has a nephew named '''Tacky''' and a look-alike relation (see Frequent visitors) named Uncle Baldwin.
* '''Miz Mam'selle Hepzibah''': A beautiful, coy French [[skunk]] modeled after a woman who later became Kelly's second wife. Hepzibah has long been courted by Porky, Beauregard and others but rarely seems to notice. Sometimes she pines for Pogo, and isn't too shy about it. She speaks with a heavy burlesque French dialect and tends to be overdramatic. The unattached Hepzibah has a married sister with 35&nbsp;youngsters, including a nephew named '''Humperdunk'''. She is captivatingly sweet, frequently baking pies or preparing picnic baskets for her many admirers, and has every fellow in the swamp in love with her at one time or another. She is usually attired in a dainty floral skirt and parasol, is flirty but proper, and enjoys attention.
* '''Miz Beaver''': A no-nonsense, corncob pipe-smoking [[beaver]]; She's a washer, a traditional mother (she is frequently seen minding a [[baby transport|perambulator]], her pet fish, or a [[tadpole]] in a jar) and "[[widow|widder]]" (she occasionally speaks of "the Mister", always in the [[past tense]]), clad in a country bonnet and apron. Uneducated but with homespun good sense, she "takes nothin' from nobody", and can be daunting when riled. She is Hepzibah's best friend and occasional [[matchmaking|matchmaker]], although she disapproves of menfolk as a general rule.
* '''Deacon Mushrat''': A [[muskrat]] and the local man of the cloth, the [[Deacon]] speaks in [[blackletter]] text, and his views are just as modern. He is typically seen haranguing others for their undisciplined ways, attempting to lead the Bats in some wholesome activity (which they inevitably subvert), or reluctantly entangled in the crusades of Mole and his even shadier allies; in either role he is the [[straight man]] and often winds up on the receiving end of whatever scheme he is involved in. Kelly described him as the closest thing to an evil character in the strip, calling him "about as far as I can go in showing what I think evil to be".<ref>{{cite book |author=Kelly, Walt |year=1959 |title=Ten Ever-Lovin', Blue-Eyed Years with Pogo |url=https://archive.org/details/teneverlovinblue00walt |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/teneverlovinblue00walt/page/284 284] |publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780671214289 }}</ref>
* '''Bewitched, Bothered, and Bemildred''': A trio of grubby, unshaven bats—hobos, gamblers, good-natured but innocent of any temptation to honesty. They admit nothing. Soon after arriving in the swamp they are recruited by Deacon Mushrat into the "Audible Boy Bird Watchers Society" (a seemingly innocent play on the [[National Audubon Society|Audubon Society]], but really a front for Mole's covert surveillance syndicate). They wear identical black derby hats and perpetual [[Designer stubble|5 o'clock shadows]]. Their names, a play on the song title "[[Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered]]", are rarely mentioned. Often even they cannot say for sure which brother is which. They tell each other apart, if at all, by the patterns of their trousers—striped, checkered or plaid. (According to one of the bats, "Whichever pair of trousers you puts on in the morning, that's who you are for that partic'lar day.")
* '''Barnstable Bear''': A simple-minded, henpecked "grizzle bear" who often plays [[sidekick|second fiddle]] to Albert's plots. He wears a pair of pants held up with a single suspender, and often a checkered cloth cap. Frequently short-tempered (and married to an even shorter-tempered "missus", the formidable '''Miz Bear'''), he bellows ''"Rowrbazzle!"'' when his anger comes to a boil. Barnstable even tried to start his own rival comic strip in 1958, which he entitled "Little Orphan Abner" (with a wink to Kelly's pal, fellow cartoonist [[Al Capp]]), just to spite Albert. Curiously, he can write but he can't read. 
* '''Mister Miggle''': A bespectacled [[stork]] or [[crane (bird)|crane]], and proprietor of the local [[general store]], a frequent swamp hangout. He dresses like an old-fashioned "country" clerk—with apron, starched collar, suspenders, [[sleeve garter]]s, and a [[Boater|straw boater]] or a [[bookkeeping]] [[green eyeshade|visor]]. Miggle's carries just about every undesirable product imaginable, such as "salt fish in chocolate sauce" and "day-old ice, 25¢&nbsp;per gallon", along with "Aunt Granny's Bitter Brittle Root"—a local favorite beverage (after [[sassafras]] tea), and cure-all for the "cold robbies" and the "whim-whams".
* '''Bun Rab''': An enthusiastic white rabbit with a drum and drum-major hat who often accompanies P.&nbsp;T. Bridgeport and likes to broadcast news in the manner of a [[town crier]]. He lives in a [[Longcase clock|grandfather clock]], and frequently appears as a fireman in the swamp's clownish Fire Brigade—where he serves as official hose carrier.  Bridgeport never calls him by the same name twice, even in the same balloon.
* '''Rackety Coon Chile''': One of the swamp "sprats"—a group of youngsters who seem to be the only rational creatures present, other than Pogo and Porky. A talkative, precocious [[raccoon]], he mainly pesters his "uncle" Pogo, along with his pal Alabaster. His parents, '''Mr. and Mrs.&nbsp;Rackety Coon''', are a bickering couple occasionally featured. The father ("Pa") owns a [[still]], and is generally suspicious of Ma's going through his overalls pockets while he sleeps.
* '''Alabaster Alligator''': Not much is known about Alabaster except that he is considerably brighter than his Uncle Albert. Genial, inquisitive and only occasionally mischievous, he follows the cartoon tradition of the look-alike nephew (see [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]]) whose parentage is never made specific.
* '''Grundoon''': A diapered toddler [[groundhog]] (or "groun'chunk" in swamp-speak). Grundoon speaks only [[gibberish]], represented by strings of random consonants like "Bzfgt", "ktpv", "mnpx", "gpss", "twzkd", or "znp". ("Grs" appears to attract fish.) Eventually, Grundoon learns to say two things: "Bye" and "Bye-bye".  He also has a baby sister called Honey Bunny Ducky Downy Sweetie Chicken Pie Li'l Everlovin' Jelly Bean.
* '''Pup Dog''': An innocent "li'l dog chile" puppy. One of the very few characters who walks on all fours, he frequently wanders off and gets lost. Being, as Pogo puts it, "'jus' a li'l ol' shirt-tail baby-size dog what don't talk good yet", he says only "Wurf!" and "Wurf wurf!", although for a time he repeats the [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]] phrase "Poltergeists make up the principal type of spontaneous material manifestation."

===Frequent visitors===
* '''P.&nbsp;T. Bridgeport''': A bear; a flamboyant impresario and traveling [[circus]] operator named after [[P. T. Barnum|P.&nbsp;T. Barnum]], the most famous resident of Kelly's boyhood home, [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]]. One of Kelly's most colorful characters, P.&nbsp;T. wears a [[Boater|straw boater]], [[Spats (footwear)|spats]], vest, [[ascot tie]] with [[Tie pin|stickpin]] and outlandish, fur-lined plaid overcoat reminiscent of [[W. C. Fields|W.&nbsp;C. Fields]]. There is also sometimes a marked physical resemblance to the Dutch cartoon character [[Oliver B. Bumble]]. An amiable blowhard and charlatan, his [[speech balloon]]s resemble 19th-century circus posters, symbolizing both his theatrical speech pattern and his customary [[Barker (occupation)|carnival barker]]'s sales spiel. He usually visits the swamp during [[United States presidential election|presidential election]] years, satirizing the [[media circus]] atmosphere of American [[political campaign]]s, energetically promoting Pogo for president to the bemusement of Pogo and Porky.
* '''Tammananny Tiger''': A political operator, named in allusion to [[Tammany Hall]], which was represented as a tiger in 19th-century editorial cartoons by [[Thomas Nast]]. He typically appears in election years to offer strategic advice to the reluctant candidate, Pogo. He first appears as a companion to P. T. Bridgeport, although more cynical and less self-aggrandizing than the latter, and is one of only a handful of animals not native to North America to frequent the swamp.
*'''[[Mole (animal)|Mole]]''' (in his original appearance in 1952 named '''Mole MacCarony''', in later years sometimes called '''Molester Mole''', his name pronounced not "[[molester]]" but, in keeping with his political aspirations, to rhyme with "pollster"): A nearsighted and [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] grifter. Considers himself an astute observer, but walks into trees without seeing them. Obsessed with contagion both literal and figurative, he is a prime mover in numerous campaigns against "subversion", and in his first appearances has a [[Paranoia|paranoid]] habit of spraying everything and everyone with a disinfectant that may have been liberally laced with tar. Modeled somewhat after Senator [[Pat McCarran]] of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|McCarran–Walter Act]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Soper | first=Kerry D. | date=2012 | title=We Go Pogo: Walt Kelly, Politics and American Satire | location=Jackson, Miss. | publisher=University Press of Mississippi | page=96 | isbn=978-1-61703-284-4}}</ref>
* '''Seminole Sam''': A mercenary, [[Carpetbagger|carpetbagging]] fox and traveling huckster of the [[snake oil]] salesman variety. He often attempts to swindle Albert and others, for example by selling bottles of the "miracle fluid" [[water|H-two-and-O]]. Sam isn't really an out-and-out villain—more of an amoral opportunist, even though he occasionally allies with darker characters such as Mole and Wiley. Sam's [[Seminole]] moniker probably refers, not to any native blood ties, but more likely to a presumed history of selling bogus patent medicine ("snake oil"). These "salesmen" hucksters often pretended their products were tested and proven, ancient Indian remedies. The Seminoles are an Indian tribe in the neighborhood of Okefenokee Swamp.
*'''[[Sarcophagus]] MacAbre''': A [[vulture|buzzard]] and the local [[Funeral director|mortician]]. He lives in a creepy, ruined [[mausoleum]], and always wears a tall undertaker's [[Top hat|stove pipe hat]] with a black veil hung from its side. Early strips show him speaking in square, black bordered speech balloons with ornate script lettering, in the style of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] funeral announcements. MacAbre begins as a stock villain, but in later years gradually softens into a somewhat befuddled comic foil.
* '''The [[Cowbird]]s''': Two [[beatnik]] freeloaders, their gender(s) uncertain, who speak in [[Communism|communist]] cant (albeit often in typical Okefenokee patois) and grift any food and valuables that cross their path. They associate with a pirate pig who resembles [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. Later they loudly renounce their former beliefs—without changing their behavior much. They typically address each other as '''Compeer''' and '''Confrere'''. It's unclear whether these are proper names or titles (synonyms of [[Comrade]]).
* '''Wiley Catt''': A wild-eyed, menacing, [[hillbilly]] [[bobcat]] who smokes a corncob pipe, carries a shotgun, and lives alone in a dilapidated, ''[[Tobacco Road (play)|Tobacco Road]]''-type shanty on the outskirts of the swamp. He frequently hangs out with Sarcophagus MacAbre, Mole and Seminole Sam, although none of them trusts him. All the swamp critters are rightly wary of him, and generally give him a wide path. During the "Red scare" era of the 1950s, he temporarily morphed into his "cousin" Simple J. Malarkey, a parody and caricature of Republican senator from Wisconsin, [[Joseph McCarthy]] (see Satire and politics).
* '''Miss Sis Boombah''': A matronly, [[cheerleading]] [[Rhode Island Red]] hen, who is a gym coach and fitness enthusiast—as well as a close friend of Miz Beaver—usually attired in tennis shoes and a pullover. Boombah arrives at the swamp to conduct a survey for "Dr. Whimsy" on "the sectional habits of U.S. mailmen", a neat parody of ''The [[Kinsey Reports]].'' She also runs a [[Feminist]] organization (with Miz Beaver) called "F.O.O.F." (Female Order Of Freedom), to un-subjugate the swamp womenfolk.
* '''Ol' Mouse''': An otherwise unnamed, long-winded, worldly mouse with a [[bowler hat]], cane and cigar who frequently pals around with Snavely, the Flea, Albert, or Pup Dog, the last of whom he was briefly imprisoned with in a cupboard and with whom he forged a bond as a fellow prisoner. He has a long and storied career as a rogue, in which he takes some pride, noting that the crimes he has been falsely accused of are far less interesting than the crimes he has actually committed. He is more often an observer and commentator than an actual participant in storylines. Something of a dandy, he sometimes takes the name "F. Olding Munny"—but only when Albert is posing as [[swami]] "El Fakir", (a take-off on Daddy Warbucks and his Indian manservant Punjab from ''Little Orphan Annie'').
* '''Snavely''': A chatty, inebriated snake (he is prone to biting himself, then dipping into a bottle of "snake bite remedy"). Snavely usually wears a battered [[top hat]], and pals around with Ol' Mouse or a group of angleworms that he is training to be [[cobra]]s or [[rattlesnake]]s. In classic cartoon tradition, his intoxicated state is portrayed by a prominent red nose surrounded by tiny, fizzing bubbles. Although limbless, he is able to salute. Pogo saw this and was amazed. Unfortunately this act was accomplished behind the log Pogo was looking over, and the reader's view was blocked.
* '''Choo Choo Curtis''' (a.k.a. '''Chug Chug Curtis'''): A natural-born [[mail carrier]] duck.
* '''Uncle Baldwin''': Porky's [[doppelgänger]] and [[compulsive behavior|compulsive]] "kissing cousin", he wears a trenchcoat to hide his telltale bald backside. Uncle Baldwin usually tries to grab and kiss any female in the panel with him. Most of the females (and more than a few of the male characters) flee from the scene when Uncle Baldwin arrives. When assaulted by him, Hepzibah has hit him back.
* '''Reggie and Alf''': Two [[Cockney]] insects that wander around bickering and looking for [[cricket]] matches. Kelly loved definite personality types, and had these two show up occasionally, even though they had nothing to do with anything else. Kelly stated the aim of their appearance "was to please nobody but me".
* '''Flea''' (a.k.a. '''Miz Flea'''): An unnamed female [[flea]], so small she is usually only drawn in black silhouette. She falls in love with Beauregard, calls him "doll" and "sugar", and frequently gives him love nips on the nose or knee—much to his indignant irritation. (Flea: "Two can live as cheap as one, ''sugar''."  Beauregard: "Not on ''me'', they can't!") Her gender was vaguely indeterminate for much of the run of the strip, but in a 1970 sequence with ex-husband Sam the spider, the Flea is finally and definitively established as a "girl". Thereafter, she is occasionally addressed as "Miz". In ''The Pogopedia'' (2001), this character is identified as "Ol' Flea".
* '''Fremount the Boy Bug''': The swamp's [[dark horse]] candidate, whose limited vocabulary (all he can say is "Jes' fine") makes him suitable presidential timber, according to P. T. Bridgeport.
* '''Bug Daddy and Chile''': Daddy's indignant tag-line ("Destroy a son's faith in his father, will you?") invariably follows his being corrected by another character for an (inevitable) misunderstanding or erroneous explanation on his part. He wears a stove pipe hat and carries an umbrella, which he shakes threateningly at the slightest provocation. His child's name is ever-changing, even from panel to panel within the same strip: Hogblemish, Nortleberg, Flimplock, Osbert, Jerome, Merphant, Babnoggle, Custard, Lorenzo, etc. (''The Pogopedia'' identifies these characters as "Bug Daddy" and "Bug Child".)
* '''Congersman Frog''': An elected official, usually accompanied by his look-alike male secretary, with whose pay he lights his "seegars". He practices disavowing his candidature for the presidency—not very convincingly. His seldom-used first name is '''Jumphrey''', and his secretary/sidekick was occasionally referred to by name: '''Fenster Moop'''. (Fenster apparently rose to Congress himself. In later years he's addressed as "Congersman", and attended by his own look-alike secretary, '''Feeble E. Merely'''.)
* '''Solid MacHogany''': A [[New Orleans]]-bound, [[clarinet]]-playing pig in a [[polka dot]] cap and striped necktie, headed to a paying gig in a "sho' nuff" [[jazz]] band on [[Bourbon Street]].
* '''Horrors Greeley''': A freckled, westward-traveling cow (hence the reference to [[Horace Greeley]]), who was sweet on Albert. (To Horrors, "west" being [[Milwaukee]].)
* '''Uncle Antler''': A disagreeable [[moose|bullmoose]], whom Albert insultingly addresses as "Hatrack".
* '''Butch''': A brick-throwing [[housecat]]. Like Tammananny, Butch is a direct [[Homage (arts)|homage]] to another cartoonist: [[George Herriman]], whose ''[[Krazy Kat]]'' comic strip Kelly greatly admired. Butch feels compelled to hurl bricks at Beauregard, in honor of the traditional animus between dogs and cats. He always deliberately misses, however—and, after his initial appearance as an antagonistic rival, proves to be something of a pussycat.
* '''Basil MacTabolism''': A door-to-door political pollster [[skunk|polecat]] and self-described "taker of the public pulse".
* '''Roogey Batoon''': A part-time snake oil salesman [[pelican]] in a [[flat cap]], who claims to have made the careers of the "Lou'siana [[Perch]]es", an underwater songstress trio named Flim, Flam and Flo (mistakenly eaten by Albert and others). His name is a play on [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]].
* '''Picayune''': A talkative frog that is a "free han' pree-dicter of all kinds weather an' other social events—sun, hail, moonshine or ty-phoonery". (An identical frog known as '''Moonshine Sonata''' also appears on occasion; it is unclear if these were intended to be the same character.)

==Dialogue and "swamp-speak"==
The strip was notable for its distinctive and whimsical use of language. Kelly, a native [[northeastern United States|northeasterner]], had a sharply perceptive ear for language and used it to great humorous effect. The predominant vernacular in ''Pogo'', sometimes referred to as "swamp-speak", is essentially a rural [[American South|southern U.S.]] dialect laced with nonstop [[malapropism]]s, fractured grammar, "creative" spelling and mangled polysyllables such as "incredibobble," "hysteriwockle", and "redickledockle," plus invented words such as the exasperated exclamations "Bazz Fazz!", "Rowrbazzle!" and "Moomph!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/georgia/state-arts-drama-symbol-state-award-recognition/pogo-possum|title=Georgia State 'Possum &#124; Pogo Possum|website=statesymbolsusa.org|date=May 24, 2014|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-date=January 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122133838/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/georgia/state-arts-drama-symbol-state-award-recognition/pogo-possum|url-status=live}}</ref> Here is an example:<ref>Excerpted from a 1949 strip reproduced in the collection ''Pogo'', Post-Hall Syndicate, 1951.</ref>

Pogo has been engaged in his favorite pastime, fishing in the swamp from a flat-bottomed boat, and has hooked a small [[catfish]]. "Ha!" he exclaims, "A small fry!" At this point Hoss-Head the Champeen Catfish, bigger than Pogo himself, rears out of the swamp and the following dialogue ensues:

:'''Hoss-Head''' ''[with fins on hips and an angry scowl]:'' Chonk back that catfish chile, Pogo, afore I whops you!
:'''Pogo:''' Yassuree, Champeen Hoss-Head, yassuh yassuh <span style="font-size:90%">yassuh</span> <span style="font-size:80%">yassuh</span> <span style="font-size:70%">yassuh</span>&nbsp;... ''[tosses infant catfish back in water]''
:'''Pogo''' ''[walks away, muttering discontentedly]:'' Things gettin' so humane 'round this swamp, us folks will have to take up eatin' MUD TURKLES!
:'''Churchy''' (a turtle) ''[eavesdropping from behind a tree with Howland Owl]:'' Horroars! A cannibobble! ''[passes out]''
:'''Howland''' ''[holding the unconscious Churchy]:'' You say you gone eat mud turkles! Ol' Churchy is done overcame!
:'''Pogo:''' It was a finger of speech—I apologize! Why, I LOVES yo', Churchy LaFemme!
:'''Churchy''' ''[suddenly recovered from his swoon]:'' With pot licker an' black-eye peas, you loves me, sir—''HA!'' Us is through, Pogo!

==Satire and politics==
Kelly used ''Pogo'' to comment on the human condition, and, from time to time, this drifted into politics. "I finally came to understand that if I were looking for comic material, I would never have to look long," Kelly wrote. "The news of the day would be enough. Perhaps the complexion of the strip changed a little in that direction after 1951. After all, it is pretty hard to walk past an unguarded gold mine and remain empty-handed."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Brian |title=The Comics: The Complete Collection |date=2008 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8109-7129-5 |page=395}}</ref>

Pogo was a reluctant "candidate" for President (although he never campaigned) in 1952 and 1956. (The phrase "I Go Pogo", originally a parody of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s iconic campaign slogan "I Like Ike", appeared on giveaway promotional lapel pins featuring Pogo, and it was also used by Kelly as a book title.) A 1952 campaign rally at Harvard degenerated into chaos sufficient to be officially termed a riot, and police responded. The Pogo Riot was a significant event for the class of '52; for its 25th reunion, Pogo was the official mascot.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cartoonician.com/big-deals-comics-highest-profile-moments/ |title="Big Deals: Comics' Highest-Profile Moments", ''Hogan's Alley'' #7, 1999 |access-date=December 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630083743/http://cartoonician.com/big-deals-comics-highest-profile-moments/ |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kelly's interest in keeping the strip topical meant that he sometimes worked closer to the deadline than the syndicate wanted. "The syndicates and the newspapers always like to stay about eight weeks in advance," Kelly said in a 1959 interview, "but because I like to stay as topical as I can and because I'm sure something will always come up that I'd like to comment on, I try to keep it somewhere between four and six weeks. Even then it gets rather difficult to forecast what is going to happen six weeks, four weeks, ahead of time. For example, I have a sequence coming on [[Luna 2|this moonshot]] that the Russians made. I was able to file it just by a month, but I wish I had known about it a little in advance because I could have hit it right on the nose."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brandon |first1=Henry |editor1-last=Kelly |editor1-first=Selby |editor2-last=Crouch |editor2-first=Bill Jr.|title=Pluperfect Pogo |date=1987 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-671-64220-0 |page=97}}</ref>

===Simple J. Malarkey===
Perhaps the most famous example of the strip's satirical edge came into being on May 1, 1953, when Kelly introduced a friend of Mole's: a wildcat named "Simple J. Malarkey", an obvious [[caricature]] of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]]. This showed significant courage on Kelly's part, considering the influence the politician wielded at the time and the possibility of scaring away subscribing newspapers.<ref>Kelly, Walt: ''Ten Ever-Lovin', Blue-Eyed Years with Pogo'', p. 81, Simon and Schuster, 1959.</ref>

When ''[[The Providence Journal|The Providence Bulletin]]'' issued an ultimatum in 1954, threatening to drop the strip if Malarkey's face appeared in the strip again, Kelly had Malarkey throw a bag over his head as Miss "Sis" Boombah (a [[Rhode Island Red]] hen) approached, explaining "no one from [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] should see me!" Kelly thought Malarkey's new look was especially appropriate because the bag over his head resembled a [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansman]]'s hood.<ref>Kelly, Walt: ''Ten Ever-Lovin', Blue-Eyed Years with Pogo'', p. 141, Simon and Schuster, 1959.</ref> (Kelly later attacked the Klan directly, in a comic nightmare [[parable]] called "The Kluck Klams", included in ''The Pogo Poop Book'', 1966.)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wells |first1=John |title=American Comic Book Chronicles: 1965-1969 |date=2014 |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |isbn=978-1605490557 |pages=143–144}}</ref>

Malarkey appeared in the strip only once after that sequence ended, during Kelly's tenure, on October 15, 1955. Again his face was covered, this time by his speech balloons as he stood on a soapbox shouting to general uninterest. Kelly had planned to defy the threats made by the ''Bulletin'' and show Malarkey's face, but decided it was more fun to see how many people recognized the character and the man he lampooned by speech patterns alone. When Kelly got letters of complaint about kicking the senator when he was down (McCarthy had been censured by that time, and had lost most of his influence), Kelly responded, "They identified him, I didn't."<ref>Kelly, Walt: ''Ten Ever-Lovin', Blue-Eyed Years with Pogo'', p. 152, Simon and Schuster, 1959.</ref>

Malarkey reappeared on April 1, 1989, when the strip had been resurrected by [[Larry Doyle (writer)|Larry Doyle]] and [[Neal Sternecky]]. It was hinted that he was a ghost. (A gag used several times in the original strip, for both Wiley Catt and Simple J Malarkey, was his unexpected reappearance to the Swamp with a frightened regular saying "I didn't know you was alive" - responded to with "Would you stop shakin' if I tole you...I AIN'T?!"

===Later politics===
As the 1960s loomed, even foreign "gummint" figures found themselves caricatured in the pages of ''Pogo'', including in 1962 [[communist]] leaders [[Fidel Castro]], who appeared as an agitator goat named Fido, and [[Nikita Khrushchev]], who emerged as both an unnamed Russian bear and a pig. Other Soviet characters include a pair of [[cosmonaut]] [[pinnipeds|seals]] who arrive at the swamp in 1959 via [[Sputnik]], initiating a topical spoof of the [[Space Race]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Walt |title=Pogo: The Complete Syndicated Comic Strips, Volume 6: Clean as a Weasel |date=2019 |publisher=Fantagraphics Books |isbn=978-1-68396-243-4 |pages=88–99}}</ref> In 1964, the strip spoofed the [[1964 United States presidential election|presidential election]] with P.T. Bridgeport providing wind-up dolls that looked like [[Richard Nixon]], [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and [[George W. Romney]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Jerry |title=The 1970s: Best Political Cartoons of the Decade |date=1981 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-053281-8 |page=9}} </ref>  The wind-up caricatures of [[Richard Nixon]], [[Nelson Rockefeller]], [[George W. Romney]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Eugene McCarthy]] and [[Robert F. Kennedy]] appeared in 1968, during the [[1968 United States presidential election|presidential election]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Walt |title=Equal Time for Pogo |date=1968  |publisher=Simon&Schuster |isbn=0671200186}}</ref>

[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] appeared in two caricatures in the strip. In 1966, he appeared as "The Loan Arranger," a character that Pogo, Albert, and Churchy La Femme met in Pandamonia. In a reference to Johnson's [[Texas]] heritage, the Loan Arranger was a [[centaur]], half-human, half-horse, wearing a cowboy hat that was pulled down over his eyes, with Johnson's famous chin visible beneath it. He also wore a cowboy shirt and a bandolero of bullets around his waist. Kelly satirized the [[Vietnam War]] by having the Loan Arranger compete against Gwhan Shi Foah (a [[Buddha]]-like caricature of [[Mao Zedong]]) in a hand-shaking contest, for the right to "protect" a young Asian girl named Sha-Lan (representing South Vietnam). Later, during the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]], Johnson reappeared in the strip as an aging, bespectacled [[Texas longhorn]] who knew his time was fading and was trying to make a graceful exit.

Because some newspapers were wary of printing political satire on the comics page, Kelly sometimes drew two strips for the same day — the regular satirical Pogo strip, and a less-pointed version that he called the "Bunny Rabbit" strips. The 1982 book ''The Best of Pogo'' reprinted some of the alternate strips from the presidential election years of 1964 and 1968.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Walt |title=The Best of Pogo |date=1982 |publisher=Fireside Books |editor1-last=Kelly |editor1-first=Selby |editor2-last=Crouch |editor2-first=Bill Jr.|isbn=0-671-42796-2 |pages=198–207}}</ref>

In the early 1970s, Kelly used a collection of characters he called "the Bulldogs" to mock the secrecy and paranoia of the [[Nixon administration]]. The Bulldogs included caricatures of [[J. Edgar Hoover]] (dressed in an overcoat and fedora, and directing a covert bureau of identical frog operatives), [[Spiro Agnew]] (portrayed as an unnamed [[hyena]] festooned in ornate military regalia, a parody of the ridiculous uniforms supplied to the White House guards<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/01/archives/ruritania-on-the-potomac.html|title=Ruritania on the Potomac|work=NY Times|date=February 1970|access-date=August 3, 2021|archive-date=August 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803050656/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/01/archives/ruritania-on-the-potomac.html|url-status=live}}</ref>), and [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]] (portrayed as a pipe-smoking eaglet wearing high-top sneakers.)<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910181-3,00.html|title=Time Essay: THE COMICS ON THE COUCH|first=Gerald|last=Clarke|date=December 13, 1971|magazine=Time|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507170100/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910181-3,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Nonsense verse and song parodies==
Kelly was an accomplished poet and frequently added pages of original comic [[Verse (poetry)|verse]] to his ''Pogo'' reprint books, complete with cartoon illustrations. The odd song parody or [[nonsense poem]] also occasionally appeared in the newspaper strip. In 1956, Kelly published ''Songs of the Pogo'', an illustrated collection of his original songs, with lyrics by Kelly and music by Kelly and Norman Monath. The tunes were also issued on a [[Gramophone record|vinyl]] [[LP record|LP]], with Kelly himself contributing to the vocals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Walt Kelly, Pogo Creator, Dies |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/10/19/93293394.html?pageNumber=46 |access-date=2 December 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 19, 1973 |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107192136/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/10/19/93293394.html?pageNumber=46 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The most well-known of Kelly's nonsense verses is "Deck Us All with Boston Charlie", the swamp creatures' interpretation of the [[Christmas carol]] "[[Deck the Halls]]". Each year at Christmas time, it was traditional for the strip to publish at least the first stanza:
:Deck us all with Boston Charlie,
:Walla Walla Wash., and Kalamazoo!
:Nora's freezin' on the trolley
:Swaller dollar cauliflower alleygaroo
:Don't we know archaic barrel
:Lullaby, lilla boy, Louisville Lou
:Trolley Molly don't love Harold
:Boola boola Pensacoola hullabaloo
Some years also included other verses and versions: for example, the dog Beauregard knew it as "Bark us all bow-wows of folly, Polly wolly cracker 'n' too-da-loo!"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Selby |title=Have Yourself a Marsupial Little Crispness |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/12/24/113928376.html?pageNumber=16 |access-date=2 December 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 24, 1979 |page=A15 |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030010931/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/12/24/113928376.html?pageNumber=16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

"Deck Us All with Boston Charlie" was recorded in 1961 by [[Lambert, Hendricks, and Ross]] for the album ""Jingle Bell Rock".<ref>see details below in ''Pogo'' in Other Media.</ref>

==Personal references==
Walt Kelly frequently had his characters poling around the swamp in a flat-bottomed skiff. Invariably, it had a name on the side that was a personal reference of Kelly's: the name of a friend, a political figure, a fellow cartoonist, or the name of a newspaper, its editor or publisher. The name changed from one day to the next, and even from panel to panel in the same strip, but it was usually a tribute to a real-life person Kelly wished to salute in print.<ref name=Schwed>{{cite book |last1=Schwed |first1=Peter |title=Turning the Pages: An Insider's Story of Simon & Schuster, 1924-1984 |date=1984 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0026077903 |page=125}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
{{quote|Long before I could grasp the satirical significance of his stuff, I was enchanted by Kelly's magnificent artwork&nbsp;... We'll never see anything like ''Pogo'' again in the funnies, I'm afraid.|[[Jeff MacNelly]], from ''Pogo Even Better'', 1984}}

{{quote|A good many of us used hoopla and hype to sell our wares, but Kelly didn't need that. It seemed he simply emerged, was there, and was recognized for what he was, a true natural genius of comic art&nbsp;... ''Hell'', he could draw a tree that would send God and [[Joyce Kilmer]] back to the drawing board.|[[Mort Walker]], from ''Outrageously Pogo'', 1985}}

The creator and series have received a great deal of recognition over the years. Walt Kelly has been compared to everyone from [[James Joyce]] and [[Lewis Carroll]], to [[Aesop]] and [[Joel Chandler Harris]] (''[[Uncle Remus]]'').<ref>Crowley, John, [https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/crowley-happy-place/ "The Happy Place: Walt Kelly's Pogo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230222127/https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/crowley-happy-place/ |date=December 30, 2022 }}, ''[[Boston Review]]'' Oct./Nov. 2004 Archives</ref><ref>Willson, John, [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2010/07/cultural-stuff.html "American Aesop"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423131722/http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2010/07/cultural-stuff.html |date=April 23, 2012 }}, ''[[The Imaginative Conservative]]'', July 18, 2010.</ref> His skills as a humorous illustrator of animals have been celebrated alongside those of [[John Tenniel]], [[A. B. Frost]], [[T. S. Sullivant]], [[Heinrich Kley]] and [[Lawson Wood]]. In his essay "The Decline of the Comics" (''[[Canadian Forum]]'', January 1954), literary critic Hugh MacLean classified American comic strips into four types: daily gag, adventure, soap opera and "an almost lost comic ideal: the disinterested comment on life's pattern and meaning." In the fourth type, according to MacLean, there were only two: ''Pogo'' and ''[[Li'l Abner]].'' When the first ''Pogo'' collection was published in 1951, [[Anthony Boucher]] and [[J. Francis McComas]] declared that "nothing comparable has happened in the history of the comic strip since George Herriman's ''Krazy Kat''."<ref>"Recommended Reading", ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]]'', April 1952, p. 96.</ref>

"[[Carl Sandburg]] said that many comics were too sad, but, 'I Go Pogo.' Francis Taylor, Director of the [[Metropolitan Museum]], said before the ''Herald Tribune'' Forum: 'Pogo has not yet supplanted [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] or the [[King James Version]] of the Bible in our schools.' "<ref>[http://www.pogopossum.com/walt.htm From an autobiography written by Walt Kelly for the Hall Syndicate, 1954] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002060044/http://www.pogopossum.com/walt.htm |date=October 2, 2011 }}</ref> Kelly was elected president of the [[National Cartoonists Society]] in 1954, serving until 1956. He was the first strip cartoonist invited to contribute originals to the [[Library of Congress]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
* Kelly received the National Cartoonists Society's [[National Cartoonists Society#Billy DeBeck Memorial Award|Billy DeBeck Memorial Award]] for Cartoonist of the Year in 1951. (When the award name was changed in 1954, Kelly also retroactively received a [[National Cartoonists Society#Reuben Award|Reuben]] statuette.)
* The prestigious [[National Cartoonists Society#Silver T-Square Award|Silver T-Square]] is awarded, by unanimous vote of the NCS board of directors, to persons who have demonstrated outstanding dedication or service to the Society or the profession; Kelly received one in 1972.
* The [[Comic-Con International]] [[Inkpot Award]] was given to Kelly posthumously in 1989.
* Kelly is one of only 31 artists elected to the Hall of Fame of the [[National Cartoon Museum]] (formerly the International Museum of Cartoon Art).
* Kelly was also inducted into the [[Will Eisner Award]] Hall of Fame in 1995.
* The Fantagraphics ''Pogo'' collections were a top vote-getter for the [[Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award]] for Favorite Reprint Graphic Album for 1998.

==Influence and legacy==
Walt Kelly's work has influenced a number of prominent comic artists:
* From 1951 to 1954, [[Famous Studios]] animator Irv Spector drew the syndicated ''Coogy'' strip, which was heavily influenced by Kelly's work, for the ''[[New York Herald-Tribune]]''.
* In the ''Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book'', cartoonist [[Bill Watterson]] listed ''Pogo'' as one of the three greatest influences on ''[[Calvin and Hobbes]]'', along with ''[[Peanuts]]'' and ''[[Krazy Kat]]''.
* ''Pogo'' has been cited as an influence by [[Jeff MacNelly]] (''[[Shoe (comic strip)|Shoe]]''), [[Garry Trudeau]] (''[[Doonesbury]]''), [[Bill Holbrook]] (''[[Kevin and Kell]]'' ) and [[Mark O'Hare]] (''[[Citizen Dog (comic)|Citizen Dog]]''), among others. MacNelly also gave a speech praising the strip and all of Walt Kelly's work that was published in the book ''Outrageously Pogo'', which was a collection of praise of the strip.
* [[René Goscinny]] and [[Albert Uderzo]] were both admirers of ''Pogo'', and many of Walt Kelly's visual devices resurfaced in ''[[Astérix]]''. For example, the [[Goths]] speak in [[blackletter]] text, and a Roman tax-collector speaks in bureaucratic forms.
* [[Jim Henson]] acknowledged Kelly as a major influence on his sense of humor, and he based some early [[The Muppets|Muppet]] designs on Kelly drawings. One episode of ''[[The Muppet Show]]'s'' first season included a performance of "Don't Sugar Me" from ''Songs of the Pogo.''
* [[Robert Crumb]] cites ''Pogo'' as an influence on ''Animal Town'', an early series of comic strips he drew with his brother [[Charles Crumb|Charles]] that later formed the basis for R. Crumb's ''[[Fritz the Cat]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crumb |first1=Robert |title=The Complete Fritz the Cat |chapter=Introduction |date=February 1978 |publisher=Belier Press |isbn=978-0-914646-16-7 }}</ref>
* [[Harvey Kurtzman]] parodied ''Pogo'' as "Gopo Gossum" for the comic book ''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad]]'' No. 23, published by [[EC Comics]] in 1955. It was the first of many ''Mad'' references to ''Pogo'', most of them drawn by [[Wally Wood]]. According to ''The Best of Pogo'' (1982), "Walt Kelly was well aware of the ''Mad'' parodies, and loved them." Kelly directly acknowledged Wally Wood, and even had Albert spell out his name in ''Pogo Extra: Election Special'' (1960).
* Writer [[Alan Moore]] and artist [[Shawn McManus]] made the January 1985 issue (#32) of ''[[Swamp Thing|Saga of the Swamp Thing]]'' a tribute to ''Pogo'' (titled "Pog"), with Kellyesque wordplay and artwork.
* [[Jeff Smith (cartoonist)|Jeff Smith]] acknowledged that his ''[[Bone (comic)|Bone]]'' comic book series was strongly influenced by Walt Kelly's work. Smith and Peter Kelly contributed artwork of the cast of ''Bone'' meeting Pogo and Albert for the 1998 "Pogofest" celebration.
* [[Jonathan Lemon]] cites Pogo as an inspiration or more as a "hero" for his comic strip "Rabbits Against Magic"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rabbitsagainstmagic.com/faq.htm|title=Rabbits Against Magic Frequently Asked Questions|website=rabbitsagainstmagic.com|access-date=April 16, 2018|archive-date=July 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705114449/http://rabbitsagainstmagic.com/faq.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*American rock band [[Kaleidoscope (American band)|Kaleidoscope]] released a song named "Lulu Arfin Nanny" on their 1970 album "Bernice".<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/FP8fE-Qeajk Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200829204358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FP8fE-Qeajk&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Citation|title=Lulu Arfin Nanny|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FP8fE-Qeajk|access-date=August 4, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*The protagonist of the film ''[[Simon (1980 film)|Simon]]'' (1980) is brainwashed to think he is an alien living on Earth and pirates the TV broadcast airwaves to talk to the people. In a field with his girlfriend he muses "I give em my best stuff too. Shakespeare, Pogo, the prophets."
*The American alternative rock group [[They Might Be Giants]] referenced a 1953 ''Pogo'' strip<ref>{{Cite web |title=File:Pogo1953.png - TMBW: The They Might Be Giants Knowledge Base |url=https://tmbw.net/wiki/File:Pogo1953.png |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=tmbw.net |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230057/https://tmbw.net/wiki/File:Pogo1953.png |url-status=live }}</ref> in their 1988 single [[Ana Ng]] in which Pogo and Churchy, per the lyrics of the song, "Make a hole with a gun perpendicular to the name of this town in a desktop globe"<ref>{{Cite web |title=They Might Be Giants - Ana Ng Lyrics |url=https://www.musixmatch.com/lyrics/They-Might-Be-Giants/Ana-Ng |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=musiXmatch |language=en |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230421/https://www.musixmatch.com/lyrics/They-Might-Be-Giants/Ana-Ng |url-status=live }}</ref> in order to find their [[Antipodes|antipode]].

==''Pogo'' in other media==
At its peak, Walt Kelly's possum appeared in nearly 500 newspapers in 14 countries. Pogo's exploits were collected into more than four dozen books, which collectively sold close to 30&nbsp;million copies. ''Pogo'' already had had a successful life in comic books, previous to syndication. The increased visibility of the newspaper strip and popular [[Trade paperback (comics)|trade paperback]] titles allowed Kelly's characters to branch into other media, such as television, children's records, and even a theatrical film.

In addition, Walt Kelly appeared as himself on television at least twice. He was interviewed live by [[Edward R. Murrow]] for the CBS program ''[[Person to Person]]'', in an episode originally broadcast on January 14, 1954. Kelly can also be seen briefly in the 1970 NBC special ''This Is [[Al Capp]]'' talking candidly about his friend, the creator of ''Li'l Abner''.

===Comic books and periodicals===
All comic book titles are published by [[Dell Comics|Dell Publishing Company]], unless otherwise noted:
* ''Albert the Alligator and Pogo Possum'' (1945–1946) Dell Four Color issues #105 and 148
* ''Animal Comics'' (1947) issues #17, 23–25
* ''Pogo Possum'' (1949–1954) issues #1–16
* "Pogo's Papa" by Murray Robinson, from ''[[Collier's Weekly]]'' (March 8, 1952)
* ''Pogo Parade'' (1953), a compilation of previously published Dell ''Pogo'' stories
* ''Pogo Coloring Book'' (1953) [[Whitman Publishing]]
* "Pogo: The Funnies are Getting Funny" from ''[[Newsweek]]'' (June 21, 1954) ''Pogo'' cover painting by Kelly
* "Pogo Meets a Possum" by Walt Kelly, from ''Collier's Weekly'' (April 29, 1955)
* "Bright Christmas Land" from ''Newsweek'' (December 26, 1955) ''Pogo'' cover painting by Kelly
* "Pogo Looks at the Abominable Snowman", from ''[[Saturday Review (US magazine)|Saturday Review]]'' (August 30, 1958) ''Pogo'' cover illustration by Kelly
* ''Pogo Primer for Parents: TV Division'' (1961), a [[public services]] giveaway booklet distributed by the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|US HEW]]
* ''Pogo Coloring Book'' (1964) Treasure Books (different from the 1953 book of the same name)
* ''Pogo: Welcome to the Beginning'' (1965), a public services giveaway pamphlet distributed by the Neighborhood Youth Corps
* ''Pogo: Bienvenidos al Comienzo'' (1965), Spanish-language version of the above title
* "The Pogofenokee Swamp" from ''[[Jack and Jill (magazine)|Jack and Jill]]'' (May 1969)
* ''The Okefenokee Star'' (1977–1982), a privately published [[fanzine]] devoted to Walt Kelly and ''Pogo''
* ''[[The Comics Journal]]'' No. 140 (Feb. 1991) Special Walt Kelly Issue
* "Al Capp and Walt Kelly: Pioneers of Political and Social Satire in the Comics" by Kalman Goldstein, from ''[[The Journal of Popular Culture]];'' Vol. 25, Issue 4 (Spring 1992)

===Music and recordings===
* ''Songs of the Pogo'' (1956): A [[Gramophone record|vinyl]] [[LP record|LP]] collecting 18 of Kelly's verses (most of which had previously appeared in ''Pogo'' books) set to music by both Kelly and orchestra leader Norman Monath. While professional singers (including [[Bob McGrath]], later famous as "Bob" on the children's television show ''[[Sesame Street]]'') provided most of the vocals on the album, Kelly himself contributed lead vocals on "Go Go Pogo" (for which he also composed the music) and "Lines Upon a Tranquil Brow", as well as a spoken portion for "Man's Best Friend". Mike Stewart, who was later known for singing the theme song of ''[[Bat Masterson (TV series)|Bat Masterson]]'', sang "Whence that Wince", "Evidence" and "Whither the Starling".
* A "sampler" from ''Songs of the Pogo'' was issued on [[Gramophone record|vinyl]] [[Single (music)|45]] at the same time. The three-track record included "Go Go Pogo" and "Lines Upon a Tranquil Brow" sung by Walt Kelly, and "Don't Sugar Me" sung by Fia Karin with "orchestra and chorus under the direction of Jimmy Carroll". The recording was issued by Simon and Schuster, with only ASCAP 100A and B as recording numbers.
* ''The [[Firehouse Five]] Plus 2 Goes South'' (1956): LP, with liner notes and back album sleeve illustration by Walt Kelly. (Good Time Jazz)
* ''Jingle Bell Jazz'', (Columbia LP CS 8693, issued October 17, 1962, reissued as Harmony KH-32529 on September 28, 1973, with one substitution; The Harmony issue was reissued as Columbia Jazz Odyssey Stereo LP PC 36803), a collection of a dozen jazz Christmas songs by different performers, includes "Deck Us All with Boston Charlie" recorded on May 4, 1961, by [[Lambert, Hendricks, & Ross]] with the Ike Isaacs Trio. The recording features a center section of [[Jon Hendricks]] [[scatting]] to the melody, with Kelly's lyrics sung as introduction and close.
* ''NO! with Pogo'' (1969): 45 rpm record for children, narrated and sung by "P.&nbsp;T. Bridgeport" (Kelly) with The Carillon Singers; came with a color storybook illustrated by Kelly. (Columbia Book & Record Library/Lancelot Press)
* ''CAN'T! with Pogo'' (1969): 45 rpm record for children, same credits as above.
* ''The [[Comics Journal]] Interview CD'' (2002): Contains 15–20-minute excerpts with five of the most influential cartoonists in the American comics industry: [[Charles Schulz]], [[Jack Kirby]], Walt Kelly (interviewed by [[Gil Kane]] in 1969) and [[Robert Crumb|R. Crumb]]. From the liner notes: "Hear these cartoonists in their own words, discussing the craft that made them famous" (Fantagraphics).
* ''Songs of the Pogo'' was released on CD in 2004 by Reaction Records ([[Urbana, Illinois]]), including previously unreleased material.

===Animation and puppetry===
Three animated cartoons were created to date based on ''Pogo'':
* ''The Pogo Special Birthday Special''<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q130302059|id=tt0301737|title=The Pogo Special Birthday Special}}</ref> was produced and directed by animator [[Chuck Jones]] in honor of the strip's 20th anniversary in 1969. It starred [[June Foray]] as the voice of both Pogo and Hepzibah, with Kelly and Jones contributing voice work as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lenburg |first1=Jeff |title=The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons |date=1999 |publisher=Checkmark Books |isbn=0-8160-3831-7 |access-date=6 June 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/309/mode/2up |page=309}}</ref> The critical consensus is that the special, which first aired on [[NBC-TV]] on May 18, 1969, failed to capture the charm of the comic strip. Kelly was not pleased with the results, and it was generally disliked by critics and fans of the comic strip.<ref name=toonopedia-pogo>{{Cite web|last=Don Markstein's Toonopedia|title=Pogo Possum|url=http://www.toonopedia.com/pogo.htm|access-date=July 26, 2007|archive-date=October 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030010930/http://www.toonopedia.com/pogo.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Walt and Selby Kelly themselves wrote and animated ''We Have Met the Enemy and He Is Us'' in 1970, largely due to Kelly's dissatisfaction with the ''Birthday Special.'' The short, with its anti-pollution message, was animated and colored by hand. While the project went unfinished due to Kelly's ill health, the storyboards for the cartoon helped form the first half of the book of the same title.
* The theatrical, feature-length motion picture ''[[I Go Pogo (film)|I Go Pogo]]'' (a.k.a. ''Pogo for President''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/animated-movie-guide-1/|title=Animated Movie Guide 1 &#124;|website=cartoonresearch.com|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014194839/https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/animated-movie-guide-1/|url-status=live}}</ref>) was released in late August 1980. Directed by Marc Paul Chinoy, this [[stop motion]] animated feature starred the voices of [[Skip Hinnant]] as Pogo; [[Ruth Buzzi]] as Miz Beaver and Hepzibah; [[Stan Freberg]] as Albert; [[Arnold Stang]] as Churchy; [[Jonathan Winters]] as Porky, Mole, and Wiley Catt; Kelly's friend, New York journalist [[Jimmy Breslin]] as P.&nbsp;T. Bridgeport; and [[Vincent Price]] as the Deacon.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lenburg |first1=Jeff |title=The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons |date=1999 |publisher=Checkmark Books |isbn=0-8160-3831-7 |access-date=6 June 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/198/mode/2up |page=198}}</ref>

The ''Birthday Special'' and ''I Go Pogo'' were released on home video throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The ''Birthday Special'' was released on [[VHS]] by [[MGM/UA Home Video]] in 1986 and they alongside [[Turner Entertainment]] released it on VHS again on August 1, 1992.

''I Go Pogo'' was handled by [[Fotomat]] for its original VHS and [[Betamax]] release in September 1980. [[HBO]] premiered a re-cut version of the film in October 1982, with added narration by [[Len Maxwell]]; this version would continue to air on HBO for some time, and then on other cable movie stations like [[Cinemax]], [[The Movie Channel|TMC]], and [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]], until around February 1991. [[Walt Disney Home Video]] released a similar cut of the film in 1984, with some deleted scenes added/restored. This version of the film was released on VHS again on December 4, 1989, by [[Walt Disney Home Video]] and [[United American Video]] to the "sell through" home video market.

As of 2019, there's still no word of Warner Archive planning to release ''Birthday Special'' on DVD. That special (along with ''I Go Pogo'') have never officially been made available on DVD. Selby Kelly had been selling specially packaged DVDs of ''We Have Met the Enemy and He Is Us'' prior to her death, but it is unknown whether or not further copies will be available.

==Licensing and promotion==
''Pogo'' also branched out from the comic pages into consumer products—including TV sponsor tie-ins to the ''Birthday Special''—although not nearly to the degree of other contemporary comic strips, such as ''[[Peanuts]]''. Selby Kelly has attributed the comparative paucity of licensed material to Kelly's pickiness about the quality of merchandise attached to his characters.
* 1951: ''Special Delivery Pogo'', a 16-page promotional mailer from the Post-Hall Syndicate, designed to spark interest and boost circulation of the new strip.
* 1952: "I Go Pogo" tin litho lapel pinback.  Approx. 1&nbsp;inch in diameter, with Pogo's face on a yellow background; issued as a promotional giveaway during the 1952 presidential election.
* 1954: ''Walt Kelly's Pogo Mobile'' (issued by Simon and Schuster) was a 22-piece hanging [[mobile (sculpture)|mobile]], die-cut from heavy cardboard in bright colors. Came unassembled, and included Pogo on a cow jumping over a crescent-shaped Swiss cheese moon, with Okefenokee characters sitting on the Moon or in a [[filigreed]] frame.
* 1959: Rare [[porcelain]] figurine of a sitting Pogo, with a bird in a nest atop his head; made in Ireland by [[Wade Ceramics]] Ltd.
* 1968: Set of 30 celluloid pinback buttons, quite rare. Approx. 1.75&nbsp;inches in diameter, issued during the 1968 presidential elections.
* 1968: Set of 10 color character decals, very rare; coincided with the set of election pinbacks
* 1968: Poynter Products of [[Ohio]] issued a set of six plastic figures (now very rare) with glued-on artificial fur: Pogo, Albert, Beauregard, Churchy, Howland and Hepzibah. The figures displeased Kelly, but are highly sought-after by fans.
* 1969: Six vinyl giveaway figures of Pogo, Albert, Beauregard, Churchy, Howland and Porkypine, packaged with [[Procter & Gamble]] soap products (Spic and Span, Top Job, etc.) as a tie-in with the ''Pogo'' animated TV special. Also known as the Oxydol figures, they are fairly common and easy to find. Walt Kelly was not satisfied with the initial sculpting, and—using plasticine clay—resculpted them himself.<ref>Kelly, Walt: "Phi Beta Pogo", p. 212, Simon and Schuster, 1989.</ref>
* 1969: Six plastic giveaway cups with full-color character decals of Pogo, Albert, Beauregard, Churchy, Howland and Porkypine, coincided with the Oxydol figures.
* 1969: Pogo [[Halloween]] costume, manufactured by Ben Cooper.
* 1980: [[View-Master]] ''I Go Pogo'' set, 3 reels and booklet, [[GAF Materials Corporation|GAF]]
* 2002: [[Dark Horse Comics]] issued two limited edition figures of Pogo and Albert as part of their line of Classic Comic Characters—statues No. 24 and No. 25, respectively.

==Book collections and reprints==
===Simon & Schuster ''Pogo'' books===
[[Simon & Schuster]] published a long series of ''Pogo'' books beginning in 1951. S&S editor [[Peter Schwed]] writes, "The first collection of ''Pogo'' comic strips burst upon the world in 1951 as the result of [editor] Jack Goodman's insistence that there should be such a book for those who could not afford a daily newspaper, particularly since it was the only thing in the newspapers worth reading... ''Pogo'' was ''the'' comic strip of the nation and the many books that were published before Walt died each sold in the hundreds of thousands of copies."<ref name=Schwed/>

Simon & Schuster published 33 ''Pogo'' books between 1951 and 1972, often publishing two or three books a year. In addition to strip reprints, Kelly also published books of original material, including ''Uncle Pogo So-So Stories'', ''The Pogo Stepmother Goose'' and ''Songs of the Pogo''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davidson |first1=Richard |title=Index to the Pogo Possum Books |url=http://www.waynecountry.net/Pogo/pogoindex.html |website=Waynecountry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812072403/http://www.waynecountry.net/Pogo/pogoindex.html |access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=August 12, 2018 }}</ref>

All titles are by Walt Kelly:
{{refbegin|25em}}
* ''Pogo'' (1951)
* ''I Go Pogo'' (1952)
* ''Uncle Pogo So-So Stories'' (1953)
* ''The Pogo Papers'' (1953)
* ''The Pogo Stepmother Goose'' (1954)
* ''The Incompleat Pogo'' (1954)
* ''The Pogo Peek-A-Book'' (1955)
* ''Potluck Pogo'' (1955)
* ''The Pogo Sunday Book'' (1956)
* ''The Pogo Party'' (1956)
* ''Songs of the Pogo'' (1956)
* ''Pogo's Sunday Punch'' (1957)
* ''Positively Pogo'' (1957)
* ''The Pogo Sunday Parade'' (1958)
* ''[[International Geophysical Year|G.O. Fizzickle]] Pogo'' (1958)
* ''Ten Ever-Lovin', Blue-Eyed Years with Pogo'' (1959)
* ''The Pogo Sunday Brunch'' (1959)
* ''Pogo Extra (Election Special)'' (1960)
* ''Beau Pogo'' (1960)
* ''Gone Pogo'' (1961)
* ''Pogo à la Sundae'' (1961)
* ''Instant Pogo'' (1962)
* ''The Jack Acid Society Black Book'' (1962)
* ''Pogo Puce Stamp Catalog'' (1963)
* ''Deck Us All with Boston Charlie'' (1963)
* ''The Return of Pogo'' (1965)
* ''The Pogo Poop Book'' (1966)
* ''Prehysterical Pogo (in Pandemonia)'' (1967)
* ''Equal Time for Pogo'' (1968)
* ''Pogo: Prisoner of Love'' (1969)
* ''Impollutable Pogo'' (1970)
* ''Pogo: We Have Met the Enemy and He Is Us'' (1972)
* ''Ten Ever Lovin' Blue Eyed Years with Pogo'' 1949-1959 (1972)
* ''Pogo Revisited'' (1974), a compilation of ''Instant Pogo'', ''The Jack Acid Society Black Book'' and ''The Pogo Poop Book''
* ''Pogo Re-Runs'' (1974), a compilation of ''I Go Pogo'', ''The Pogo Party'' and ''Pogo Extra (Election Special)''
* ''Pogo Romances Recaptured'' (1975), a compilation of ''Pogo: Prisoner of Love'' and ''The Incompleat Pogo''
* ''Pogo's Bats and the Belles Free'' (1976)
* ''Pogo's Body Politic'' (1976)
* ''A Pogo Panorama'' (1977), a compilation of ''The Pogo Stepmother Goose'', ''The Pogo Peek-A-Book'' and ''Uncle Pogo So-So Stories''
* ''Pogo's Double Sundae'' (1978), a compilation of ''The Pogo Sunday Parade'' and ''The Pogo Sunday Brunch''
* ''Pogo's Will Be That Was'' (1979), a compilation of ''G.O. Fizzickle Pogo'' and ''Positively Pogo''
* ''The Best of Pogo'' (1982)
* ''Pogo Even Better'' (1984)
* ''Outrageously Pogo'' (1985)
* ''Pluperfect Pogo'' (1987)
* ''Phi Beta Pogo'' (1989)
{{refend}}

===''Pogo'' books released by other publishers===
All titles are by Walt Kelly unless otherwise noted:
* ''Pogo for President: Selections from I Go Pogo'' ([[Fawcett Publications|Crest Books]], 1964)
* ''The Pogo Candidature'' by Walt Kelly and Selby Kelly ([[Andrews McMeel Publishing|Sheed, Andrews & McMeel]], 1976)
* Ten S&S volumes were reprinted in hardcover (Gregg Press, 1977): ''Pogo, I Go Pogo, Uncle Pogo So-So Stories, The Pogo Papers, The Pogo Stepmother Goose, The Incompleat Pogo, The Pogo Peek-A-Book, Potluck Pogo, Gone Pogo'', and ''Pogo à la Sundae''. Bound in brown cloth, with the individual titles and an "I Go Pogo" logo stamped in gold. The dust jackets are facsimiles of the original Simon & Schuster covers, with an image of Walt Kelly reproduced on the back.
* ''The Walt Kelly Collector's Guide'' by Steve Thompson (Spring Hollow Books, 1988)
* ''The Complete Pogo Comics: Pogo & Albert'' ([[Eclipse Comics]], 1989–1990) 4 volumes (reprints of pre-strip comic book stories, unfinished)
* ''Pogo Files for Pogophiles'' by Selby Daly Kelly and Steve Thompson, eds. (Spring Hollow Books, 1992)
* Ten more S&S volumes reprinted in hardcover (Jonas/Winter Inc., 1995): ''The Pogo Sunday Book, Pogo's Sunday Punch, Beau Pogo, Pogo Puce Stamp Catalog, Deck Us All with Boston Charlie, The Return of Pogo, Prehysterical Pogo (in Pandemonia), Equal Time for Pogo, Impollutable Pogo'', and ''Pogo: We Have Met the Enemy and He Is Us''. Bound in navy blue cloth, with the individual titles and a "Pogo Collectors Edition" logo stamped in gold. Issued without dust jackets.
* ''Pogo'' ([[Fantagraphics Books]], 1994–2000) 11 volumes (reprints first 5½ years of daily strips)
* ''The Pogopedia'' by Nik Lauer, et al. (Spring Hollow Books, 2001) 
* ''We Go Pogo: Walt Kelly, Politics, and American Satire'' by Kerry D. Soper ([[University Press of Mississippi]], 2012) 
* ''Much Ado: The POGOfenokee Trivia Book'', [[Mark Burstein (editor)|Mark Burstein]], Eclipse Books, 1988, {{ISBN|1-56060-025-X}}.
* ''Walt Kelly's Pogo: The Complete Dell Comics'' ([[Hermes Press]], 2013–2018) 6 volumes (reprints of pre-strip comic book stories)

====''Pogo: The Complete Syndicated Comic Strips''====
In February 2007, [[Fantagraphics Books]] announced the publication of a projected 12-volume hardcover series collecting the complete chronological run of daily and full-color Sunday syndicated ''Pogo'' strips. The series began in 2011 under the title ''[[Pogo: The Complete Syndicated Comic Strips]]''.
As of 2024, eight volumes – each covering two calendar years – have been published, with the next scheduled for 2025.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''The Complete Nursery Song Book'', Inez Bertail, ed. (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1947) illustrated by Walt Kelly
* ''Strong Cigars and Lovely Women'' by John Lardner (Funk & Wagnalls, 1951) illustrated by Walt Kelly
* ''The Pleasure Was All Mine'' by Fred Schwed, Jr. (Simon & Schuster, 1951) illustrated by Walt Kelly
* ''The Glob'' by John O'Reilly (Viking, 1952) illustrated by Walt Kelly
* ''The Tattooed Sailor and Other Cartoons from France'' by André François (Knopf, 1953) Introduction by Walt Kelly
* ''I'd Rather Be President'' by John Ellis and Frank Weir (Simon & Schuster, 1956) illustrated by Walt Kelly
* ''The World of John Lardner'', [[Roger Kahn]], ed. (Simon & Schuster, 1961) Preface by Walt Kelly
* ''Dear George'' by John Keasler (Simon & Schuster, 1962) illustrated by Walt Kelly
* ''Five Boyhoods'', Martin Levin, ed. (Doubleday, 1962) Walt Kelly autobiography, pp.&nbsp;79–116
* ''The Funnies: An American Idiom'', David Manning White and Robert H. Abel, eds. (Free Press, 1963)
* ''Art Afterpieces'' by [[Ward Kimball]] (Pocket Books, 1964) Foreword by Walt Kelly
* ''The Comics: An Illustrated History of Comic Strip Art'' by [[Jerry Robinson]] (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1974)
* ''The World Encyclopedia of Comics'' by [[Maurice Horn]] (Chelsea House, 1976; Avon, 1982)
* ''The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics'', [[Bill Blackbeard]], ed. (Smithsonian Inst. Press/Harry Abrams, 1977)
* ''A Smithsonian Book of Comic-Book Comics'', Michael Barrier and Martin Williams, eds. (Smithsonian Inst. Press/Harry Abrams, 1982)
* ''America's Great Comic Strip Artists'' by [[Rick Marschall]] (Abbeville Press, 1989)
* ''Walt Kelly's Our Gang'' (Fantagraphics, 2006–2010) 4 volumes
* ''Comics and the U.S. South'', Brannon Costello and Qiana J. Whitted, eds., pp.&nbsp;29–56 (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2012) {{ISBN|1-617030-18-X}}
* ''We Go Pogo: Walt Kelly,  Politics and American Satire'' by Kerry D. Soper (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2012) {{ISBN|1-61703-284-0}}
* ''The Life and Times of Walt Kelly'' by Thomas Andrae and Carsten Laqua (Hermes Press, 2012) {{ISBN|1-932563-89-X}}
* ''Peanuts, Pogo, and Hobbes: A Newspaper Editor's Journey through the World of Comics'' by George Lockwood (Syracuse University Press, 2013) {{ISBN|0-815610-05-X}}
* ''Walt Kelly and Pogo: The Art of the Political Swamp'' by James Eric Black (McFarland, 2015) {{ISBN|0-786479-87-6}}

==External links==
* [http://whirledofkelly.blogspot.com/ Ever-Lovin' Blue-Eyed Whirled of Kelly]
* [http://www.okeswamp.com/your-visit/pogo-and-walt-kelly Okefenokee Swamp Park—''Pogo'' and the Walt Kelly Museum]
* [http://strippersguide.blogspot.com/2008/12/obscurity-of-day-walt-kellys-pogo.html Samples, artist and writer data on the 1989–1993 revival of the comic strip]
* [http://ead.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ead/view?docId=ead/OhCoUCR0013.xml The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum: Pogo Collection guide]
* [http://pogocomics.com/ Official home of Okefenokee Glee & Perloo, Inc. (OGPI), owners works of Walt Kelly, esp. Pogo]

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