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{{Short description|Marvel Comics fictional character}}
{{Infobox comics character <!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics-->
| image          = Mandarin (Marvel Comics character circa 2011).png
| caption        = The Mandarin on the cover of ''[[The Invincible Iron Man (comics)|The Invincible Iron Man]]'' #511 (Dec. 2011).<br />Art by [[Salvador Larroca]]. 
| character_name = Mandarin
| IOM_alter_ego  = Arnold Brock – ''[[Iron Man (TV series)|Iron Man: The Animated Series]]''<br />[[Temugin|Gene Khan / Temugin]] – ''[[Iron Man: Armored Adventures]]''<br />[[Wenwu|Xu Wenwu]] – [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]]
| publisher      = [[Marvel Comics]]
| debut          = ''[[Tales of Suspense]]'' #50 (Feb. 1964)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Misiroglu |first1=Gina Renée |last2=Eury |first2=Michael |title=The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood |date=2006 |publisher=Visible Ink Press |isbn=9780780809772 |url=https://archive.org/details/supervillainbook0000gina/page/224/mode/2up |language=en}}</ref>
| creators       = [[Stan Lee]]<br />[[Don Heck]]
| species        = [[Human]]
| alliances      = Mandarin's Minions<br />[[The Hand (comics)|Hand]]<br />[[Tong (organization)|Tong]]
| aliases        = Gene Kahn<br />Zhang Tong<br />Tem Borjigin
| powers=
*Genius-level intellect
*Master martial artist and hand-to-hand combatant
*Expert strategist and tactician
*Wears [[Mandarin's rings|10 rings]] that grant [[#Powers and abilities|various powers]]
}}
The '''Mandarin''' is a <!--Do not add "fictional" as it is tautological; supervillains (and characters in general) are by definition implied to be fictionalized to some extent.-->[[supervillain]] appearing in [[American comic book]]s published by [[Marvel Comics]]. He is the [[archenemy]] of [[Iron Man]].<ref>Douglas, Edward (April 27, 2008). [http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=7130 "Terrence Howard on the Future of War Machine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502183231/http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=7130 |date=2009-05-02 }}. Superhero Hype</ref><ref>Anders, Charlie Jane (November 5, 2009). [http://io9.com/5397616/iron-mans-arch-enemy-the-mandarin-like-youve-never-seen-him-before/ "Iron Man's Arch Enemy The Mandarin, Like You've Never Seen Him Before"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927134204/http://io9.com/5397616/iron-mans-arch-enemy-the-mandarin-like-youve-never-seen-him-before/ |date=2015-09-27 }}. [[io9]]</ref><ref>[http://www.ironmanarmory.com/IronManOrigin.html "Iron Man’s Origin and Backstory"]. Iron Man Armory. Retrieved May 7, 2013</ref> The character was created by [[Stan Lee]] and designed by [[Don Heck]], first appearing in ''[[Tales of Suspense]]'' #50 (Feb. 1964).<ref>{{cite book |last1=DeFalco |first1=Tom |last2=Sanderson |first2=Peter |last3=Brevoort |first3=Tom |last4=Teitelbaum |first4=Michael |last5=Wallace |first5=Daniel |last6=Darling |first6=Andrew |last7=Forbeck |first7=Matt |last8=Cowsill |first8=Alan |last9=Bray |first9=Adam |title=The Marvel Encyclopedia |date=2019 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-1-4654-7890-0 |page=230}}</ref> The character is described as being born in China before [[Chinese Communist Revolution|the Communist revolution]] to a wealthy Chinese father and an English aristocratic mother, both of whom died when he was young. He is characterized as a megalomaniac, attempting to conquer the world on several occasions, yet also possessing a strong sense of honor. The Mandarin is portrayed as a genius scientist and a skilled martial artist. However, his primary sources of power are [[Mandarin's rings|10 rings]] that he adapted from the alien technology of a crashed space ship. Each ring has a different power and is worn on a specific finger. Though his primary obsession is Iron Man, given his high status as a supervillain, he has also come into conflict with [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]], [[Hulk]], [[Shang-Chi]] and other superheroes in the Marvel Universe.

The Mandarin has appeared in several forms of media. In the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU), [[Ben Kingsley]] portrayed an actor ('''[[Trevor Slattery]]''') of the character in ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' (2013),<ref name="Screenrant">{{Cite web|url=http://screenrant.com/iron-man-4-mandarin-runaways-marvel-interview/|title = Drew Pearce Talks 'All Hail the King', Runaways, the Real Mandarin & Marvel Future|website = [[Screen Rant]]|date = 27 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=EWMandarinTwist>Breznican, Anthony (May 4, 2013). [https://ew.com/article/2013/05/04/iron-man-3-mandarin-spoiler/ "'Iron Man 3' does WHAT to The Mandarin? – SPOILER ANALYSIS"]. [[Entertainment Weekly]]</ref> and [[Tony Leung Chiu-wai|Tony Leung]] portrayed the "real" character '''[[Wenwu|Xu Wenwu]]''' in ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/shang-chi-legend-ten-rings-title-release-date/|title=Marvel Announces Shang-Chi Film, Cast, Release Date|date=July 20, 2019|website=CBR}}</ref> In 2009, The Mandarin was ranked as [[IGN]]'s 81st-greatest [[comic book]] villain of all time.<ref>[http://comics.ign.com/top-100-villains/81.html "Mandarin is number 81"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103090304/http://comics.ign.com/top-100-villains/81.html |date=2013-11-03 }}. [[IGN]]. Retrieved 10–05–09</ref>

{{TOClimit|limits=3}}

==Publication history==
{{expand section|date=July 2019}}
The Mandarin first appeared in ''[[Tales of Suspense]]'' #50 (Feb. 1964), written by [[Stan Lee]] and illustrated by [[Don Heck]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=DeFalco |first1=Tom |title=Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History |last2=Gilbert |first2=Laura |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0756641238 |page=99 |chapter=1960s |quote="Following the tradition of Sax Rohmer's Fu Manchu and Atlas' own Yellow Claw, the Mandarin first appeared in ''Tales of Suspense'' #50 in a story written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Don Heck." |author-link=Tom DeFalco}}</ref>

When discussing the character's creation, Heck stated "That was Stan Lee's character, really. He wanted him because he was thinking of, oh, one of those old stories that they had years ago [[Fu Manchu]] and that's what he said to me. He said, 'I want a character like Fu Manchu.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coates |first1=John |title=Don Heck : a work of art |date=2014 |publisher=Twomorrows Publishing |location=Raleigh, North Carolina |isbn=978-1-60549-058-8 |page=47 |edition=First American}}</ref>

==Fictional character biography==

===Origins===
The Mandarin's late father was one of the wealthiest men in [[Qing dynasty|pre-revolutionary mainland]] [[China]] (and a descendant of [[Genghis Khan]]), while his late mother was an [[England|English]] noblewoman. Their son was born in an unnamed village in mainland China before the Communist revolution. The boy's parents died soon after his birth, and he was raised by his (paternal) aunt, who was embittered against the world and raised him with much the same attitude. Every last bit of the family fortune was spent obsessively training the Mandarin in science and combat, with the result that he was penniless by adulthood. Without the means to pay their taxes, the Mandarin's estate and possessions were seized by the Chinese government.<ref name="TalesOfSuspenseVol1#62">''[[Tales of Suspense]]'' #62, Marvel Comics</ref>

Seeking the power to take revenge, the Mandarin explores the forbidden Valley of Spirits, where no one has dared to set foot for centuries.<ref name="TalesOfSuspenseVol1#62"/> There he finds the starship and skeleton of [[List of alien races in Marvel Comics#Makluans|Axonn-Karr]], an intelligent dragon-like alien from the planet Maklu IV, who had come to Earth centuries ago and died. Over the following years, the Mandarin studies [[Makluan]] science until he masters it. He also learns how to use the [[Mandarin's rings|ten rings]] that he found within the starship, which are apparently its propulsion source, among other things.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rovin |first=Jeff |title=[[The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains]] |date=1987 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=0-8160-1356-X |location=New York |page=204-205 |authorlink=Jeff Rovin}}[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsu0000rovi_h5r9/page/204/mode/2up]</ref> The Mandarin then becomes a conqueror, and subjugates the villages around the Valley, and through his advanced science, rapidly becomes a power that not even the Chinese army can successfully challenge. He then embarks on a long series of attempts to achieve world domination. The Chinese, though fearing him, ask for his help, but he will not become subservient to them.

The Mandarin sees technology as the surest means to achieve his goals. Over the years, he frequently attempts to turn the weapons and computers of various nations against them. Among the Mandarin's earliest schemes is the sabotage and theft of American missiles and spy planes built by [[Iron Man|Tony Stark]]. To restore public confidence in his workmanship, Stark dons his Iron Man armor and flies to China to investigate.<ref>''Tales of Suspense'' #50</ref> Iron Man soon became the Mandarin's principal obstacle against his plans for world domination. He often attempts to pit Iron Man against the Chinese government to defeat both.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #180-181</ref>

[[File:Tales of Suspense (1959) -50.png|The cover of ''Tales of Suspense'' #50 (Feb. 1964), the first appearance of the Mandarin, art by [[Jack Kirby]]|thumb|left]]

During three of their early confrontations, the Mandarin manages to take Iron Man (or his alter ego Tony Stark) captive, but fails to kill him. Similarly, Iron Man thwarts the Mandarin's various schemes, but is unable to bring him to justice. Some of the Mandarin's early technological achievements are the launching of a small orbiting satellite whose "death-ray" he aims at [[Stark Industries]], and the building (later [[retconned]] as "the reprogramming, the refitting, and the recharging") of [[Ultimo (Marvel Comics)|Ultimo]], a {{convert|30|ft|adj=on}} humanoid android possessing vast destructive power.<ref>''Tales of Suspense'' #76–78</ref> The Mandarin would employ Ultimo four times over the years,<ref>The other three times were ''The Avengers'' Annual #1, ''The Invincible Iron Man'' #69–70 and ''The Invincible Iron Man'' #95–96</ref> but it was always defeated by Iron Man.

The Mandarin's teleportation technology, derived from Makluan science, enables him to kidnap people at will or teleport himself out of threatening situations. He teleports the [[Swordsman (comics)|Swordsman]] to his castle just before the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] capture him, plotting to use him to destroy the Avengers and adding the technology to his sword to aid him, though the Swordsman betrays him and throws the bomb away. During his fifth encounter with Iron Man, the Mandarin teleports [[Happy Hogan (comics)|Harold J. "Happy" Hogan]], a friend and confidant of Iron Man, to his castle in China half a world away. Hogan is wearing the Iron Man armor at the time to help protect his employer's secret identity, and the Mandarin mistakes him for his foe. In rescuing Hogan, Iron Man physically bests the Mandarin in personal combat for the first time. Iron Man redirected the missiles that the Mandarin had launched so that they hit the Mandarin's castle, destroying it.<ref>''Tales of Suspense'' #84–86</ref> The Mandarin escaped by means of his teleportation machinery and he materialized aboard his orbiting satellite. There, he constructs a gemlike device capable of broadcasting "hate-rays" toward Earth. The Mandarin, using his teleportation technology, assembles several former enemies of the Avengers to perform missions for him: the [[Living Laser]], who attacks Asia with Ultimo, but is beaten by [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]] and [[Hawkeye (Clint Barton)|Hawkeye]]; the original [[Erik Josten|Power Man]] and the Swordsman, who, with an army of mercenaries, attacked a South American country, but are beaten by [[Goliath (Marvel Comics)|Goliath]], the [[Wasp (comics)|Wasp]], and Iron Man; Amora the [[Enchantress (Marvel Comics)|Enchantress]]; and Skurge the [[Executioner (comics)|Executioner]], who lead an army of trolls in Africa, but are beaten by [[Hercules (Marvel Comics)|Hercules]] and the [[Scarlet Witch]]. The Avengers manage to thwart the Mandarin's scheme after getting to the satellite, despite being hit by his hate-rays that make each of them attack the person nearest to themselves. However, the Wasp is nearest to the Mandarin and her attack on him shuts off the rays. The Mandarin is sucked into space and the Avengers are able to destroy his satellite.<ref>''The Avengers'' Annual #1</ref>

The Mandarin then establishes a base in China's [[Gobi Desert]], and turns his attention to the [[Hulk]] for a time, hoping to make the dull-witted brute into an accomplice. Two attempts at controlling the Hulk proved futile. First he places a device on the Hulk's neck, hoping to use him to start a war which will allow the Mandarin to take over the world. However, [[Nick Fury]] foils this scheme.<ref>''The Incredible Hulk'' vol. 2 #107–108</ref> Next, the Mandarin allies himself with the American criminal the [[Sandman (Marvel Comics)|Sandman]], who had just been beaten by the Hulk earlier.<ref>''The Incredible Hulk'' vol. 2 #113</ref> The Hulk destroys the Mandarin's desert base and the Mandarin sends the Sandman into a hot vat, turning him to glass.<ref>''The Incredible Hulk'' vol. 2 #114</ref> The glass later shatters, and the Sandman has to recover slowly in the Mandarin's satellite den.<ref>''The Incredible Hulk'' vol. 2 #138</ref> When the Mandarin next attacks Iron Man, he employs an android in the Hulk's likeness rather than the real Hulk. The Mandarin sets up a makeshift base of operations in the United States, and attempts to discredit Tony Stark publicly. Holding Iron Man captive for the fourth time, the Mandarin tries to learn if Iron Man is actually Stark, but Stark fools him with a rubber mask over his own features. His plans thwarted, the Mandarin tries to kill Stark's then-girlfriend, Janice Cord, but the Mandarin's betrothed Mei Ling saves her at the cost of her own life.<ref>''Iron Man'' #9–11{{date?}}</ref>

===The Mandarin's Avengers===
The Mandarin's Avengers (or the Avatars of the Mandarin) is a fictional group of villains appearing in Marvel Comics. The characters work for their leader, the Mandarin, and are most famous for their role in the ''[[Iron Man (comic book)|Iron Man]]'' and ''[[War Machine]]'' comic book series. This group was first glimpsed in ''Iron Man'' #309 (Oct. 1994) and was seen in full in ''[[Force Works]]'' #6 (Dec. 1994). The characters were created by Len Kaminski (writer), Tom Morgan (artist), and Nel Yomtov (editor).

;Avatar characters and abilities
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Ancestor, the leader of the avatars.jpeg|thumb|Ancestor, the leader of the Avatars of the Mandarin]] -->
*Ancestor – Draws on his ancestor's strength to increase his size and powers.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kaminski| first=Len| title=Comic Book Religion| url=http://www.comicbookreligion.com}}</ref>
*Deluge – Has a liquid body form and control over water.
*Foundry – Fire shoots from his eyes and he can morph his hands into weapons.<ref>{{cite web | last=Hoskin| first=Michael |title=Master List of Marvel Universe| url=http://www.marvunapp.com/master/mastguid.htm| publisher=Marvel}}</ref>
*Lich – A skeletal monster who uses his claws and strength.
*Old Woman – Controls the elements through her staff.
*Q'Wake – Superhuman strength and shock power.
*Sickle – Representation of China, he possesses strength and a scythe.
*Turmoil – The servant to the Mandarin that is an incarnation of the storm.
*Warfist – Superhuman strength and martial arts skill, along with a spiked club for a weapon.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kaminski| first=Len| title=Appendix of Comic Heroes and Villains| url=http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix/avatrz.htm|publisher=Marvel}}</ref>

===New bodies===
Returning to China, the Mandarin seeks a means to increase his rings' power, and learns of the legendary Eye of Yin, a talisman of power created by an ancient group of Chinese sorcerers. The Mandarin manipulates the Royal Family of the [[Inhumans]] who, at the time, live in the nearby Himalayan Mountains of [[Tibet]], into locating the idol for him. Yet before he can fully incorporate the Eye's power in his rings, [[Black Bolt]], the ruler of the Inhumans, overpowers him, strips him of his 10 rings, and hides them. Unable to find the rings, the Mandarin journeys back to the Valley of Spirits and the ruins of the Makluan starship, where he first acquired the rings. There he found a headband containing technology which enabled him to recover the rings. The Mandarin uses his newfound power to restore his castle to its original state. The [[Unicorn (Marvel Comics)|Unicorn]], another frequent opponent of Iron Man, seeks the Mandarin's aid in curing him of a progressive disease. The Mandarin and the Unicorn travel to the United States to attack their common enemy, Iron Man, but in the heat of battle, the Mandarin finds that the headband has somehow exchanged his consciousness with that of the Unicorn. The Mandarin is forced to flee, desperate to separate himself from the Unicorn's dying body.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #57–58</ref>

When the Mandarin arrives at his castle in China, he finds that it has been taken over by the [[Yellow Claw (comics)|Yellow Claw]], another master criminal and warlord of Chinese origin. The Mandarin is forced to flee to another laboratory to try to restore his mind to its rightful body, which he manages with the unwilling aid of the Japanese mutant [[Sunfire (comics)|Sunfire]].<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #68</ref> In a subsequent battle with Iron Man, the Mandarin's interim headquarters is destroyed.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #69</ref> The Mandarin then launches an attack on the Yellow Claw in an attempt to regain his own castle, but is fatally injured when the Yellow Claw robot he is battling explodes.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #70</ref> In a battle between Iron Man and the Yellow Claw that follows, the Mandarin's castle is also destroyed for the second time.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #71</ref> However, unknown to the Yellow Claw, as the Mandarin is dying, he uses the headband's mind-transferring capacities to transfer his consciousness into his 10 rings. When the rings are confiscated by the Yellow Claw's power-hungry servant Loc Do and activated by him, the Mandarin's consciousness enters his body, permanently driving out Loc Do's consciousness. Using his matter-rearranger ring, the Mandarin transforms Loc Do's body into a younger duplicate of his own original one.<ref>Referenced in ''The Invincible Iron Man'' #100</ref>

The Mandarin returns to his castle, discovering that it has again been destroyed. After rebuilding it, the Mandarin attempts to capture Iron Man with his teleportation devices, but once again catches someone else clad in his armor. This time it is Michael O'Brien, later to become a friend of Stark's and the second man to wear the [[Guardsman (comics)|Guardsman]]'s armor. Iron Man flies to O'Brien's rescue, clad in an older armor, saves O'Brien, thwarts the Mandarin's attempt to bomb the United States, and for a second time bests him in personal combat and then destroys his castle again. Perhaps due to the effect of the Mandarin's mental domination ring on him, Iron Man does not take the Mandarin into custody, but allows him to remain free.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #98–100</ref>

The Mandarin later schemes to turn the Great [[Vibranium]] Mound of [[Wakanda]] into Type II Vibranium, which destroys the molecular cohesion of metals. He also tries to destroy China's entire rice crop with radiation in an attempt to force a starving nation into war. In the second of these plots, the Mandarin encounters [[War Machine|James Rhodes]] during Rhodes' custodianship of the Iron Man armor.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #180–181</ref>

===Heart of Darkness===
When Stark tries to set up a branch of Stark Enterprises in [[Hong Kong]], Iron Man and the Mandarin once again come into conflict. The Mandarin has taken the name of Zhang Tong, and had become a financial leader in Hong Kong. As Tong, he controls a number of government officials and industry leaders of Hong Kong. The Mandarin thwarts all of Stark's attempts to set up a business branch, even resorting to murder. The Mandarin now employs a group called the [[Hand (comics)|Hand]] to do his dirty work. When on a mission, a Hand member is allowed to take one of the Mandarin's rings and use its powers. As a precaution, if the Hand member is to be captured, he will fanatically try to kill himself. If the Hand member is to be killed or knocked out, the ring will automatically teleport back to the Mandarin. The Mandarin's agents kidnap James Rhodes and several of Stark's other employees, forcing Iron Man into single combat in exchange for their lives. Iron Man defeats the Mandarin once again, and helps Stark's employees escape the Hand. The Mandarin's minions are left without their weapons when their master is knocked unconscious, causing his rings to teleport back to him automatically and leaving them unarmed and unable to stop Stark's employees from fleeing.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #241-242</ref>

At one point, during a period in which the then thought-dead [[X-Men]] had disbanded, the mutant heroine [[Betsy Braddock|Psylocke]] passes through the mystic portal known as the [[Siege Perilous (comics)|Siege Perilous]]. The portal relocates her to an Asian shore, leaving her an amnesiac. The man known as [[Matsu'o Tsurayaba]] finds her and believes he could save his brain-dead lover [[Revanche (character)|Kwannon]] by switching her mind with Psylocke.<ref>[[Claremont, Chris]] (w), ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #256, Marvel Comics</ref> He makes an arrangement with the Mandarin to help him with the switch, since his rings will be able to facilitate it. Working with the otherdimensional sorceress known as [[Spiral (comics)|Spiral]], they are able to do this successfully. The Mandarin conditions Psylocke (now in Kwannon's body) to believe herself to be Lady Mandarin, the Mandarin's assassin. During this time, the Mandarin teams up with several other villains during the "[[Acts of Vengeance]]" storyline. He also confronted the Avengers.<ref>''The Avengers'' #313</ref> After completing several assignments for him, Psylocke is eventually rescued by her X-Men teammates [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]] and [[Jubilee (comics)|Jubilee]]. The three then defeat the Mandarin, causing events which lead to the severing of the Mandarin's relationship with the Hand.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #257–258</ref>

Sometime later, the Mandarin discovered that one of his rings is an elaborate counterfeit. One of his underlings had betrayed him, surrendering the ring to Chen Hsu, an ancient wizard who lived in San Francisco. Hsu, elfin in appearance but puissant in power, gives up the ring to the Mandarin, who collapses as soon as he put it on. Chen Hsu tends to him, removing the veil of confusion from his mind; soon, the Mandarin realizes that his memories had been fragmented because of the theft of the ring since the rings were still linked to his consciousness.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2010}}

Next, Chen Hsu makes the Mandarin an offer that involves them traveling to the Valley of the Dragons. There, Chen Hsu uses a magic herb to awaken [[Fin Fang Foom]], an ancient and powerful dragon. Under the control of Hsu, the dragon obeys the Mandarin, laying waste to an army sent by the Chinese government to stop him. Soon the Mandarin claims a third of China's territory, and the authorities sent out a call for help to Iron Man.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2010}}

When Iron Man confronts the Mandarin and Fin Fang Foom, eight other dragons appear. It is revealed that many thousands of years ago, a number of aliens from the planet Kakaranathara, the fourth planet of the star Maklu, traveled to Earth to look for the conflict which was unknown in their culture and which they craved. The ship crashed, stranding them on Earth for thousands of years, after which the Mandarin found the ship and claimed their rings. Now, they demand them back, but he refuses them. Iron Man forcibly combines his power with the rings, and manages to destroy the Makluan dragons. The blast vaporizes the Mandarin's hands and renders him comatose.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' #275</ref>

For months, he lies in a state between life and death, in the care of a peasant woman who does not know who he is. Over time, his hands grow back, though they do so as reptilian claws, and the rings call to him again to reclaim them.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2010}}

The Mandarin discovers the Heart of Darkness, an orb of apparently mystic energy; the alien Century believes it is an ancient artifact which acts as a "lens" to attract and focus all manner of dark power.<ref>{{Cite comic | writer=Kaminski, Len | penciller=[[Morgan, Tom]] | inker=[[Wiacek, Bob]] and Delarosa, Sam | story=Hands of the Mandarin | title=[[Iron Man]] | volume= |Issue=#312|date=Jan. 1995| publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] | location=[[New York City]] }}</ref> The Mandarin uses its power to turn back time in China, and literally transforms it into a feudal nation again, one in which electronic equipment cannot not operate.<ref>{{Cite comic | story=Hands of the Mandarin | title=[[War Machine]] | volume= |Issue=#10|date = Jan. 1995| publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref> Iron Man, with his team [[Force Works]] and ally [[War Machine]] defeat him, but not before the Mandarin discovers that Tony Stark is the man inside the Iron Man armor.<ref name="Iron Man">{{Cite comic | story=Hands of the Mandarin | title=[[Iron Man]] | volume= |issue=#312|date = Jan. 1995| publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref>

Iron Man infects the Mandarin with a [[techno-organic virus]], and the Heart, seeing him infected with technology, rejects the Mandarin and implodes. Iron Man believes him dead, though in reality the Mandarin has been transported away and transformed by the last flare of the orb's magic into a janitor in the Hong Kong branch of Stark Enterprises.<ref name="Iron Man"/>

Eventually, the Mandarin's memories return to him. The Mandarin believes that the feudalism of yesterday has merely been transformed into the capitalism of today, leading him to set into motion plans to create a giant flying fortress called the Dragon of Heaven, through which he can conquer [[Russia]] and eventually the world.<ref>{{Cite comic|title=[[Iron Man]]|volume=3 |Issue=#2–9|date=April–Oct. 1998| publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref> During this time, Iron Man reappears after being believed dead in a battle against the psychic menace [[Onslaught (Marvel Comics)|Onslaught]]. The Mandarin initiates a series of attacks on Iron Man,<ref>{{Cite comic|title=Iron Man |volume= 3| issue=#1–8|date=March–Aug. 1998|publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref> culminating in a battle with the Dragon of Heaven.<ref>{{Cite comic|title=Iron Man|volume=3 |Issue=#9|date = Oct. 1998| publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref> Eventually it is revealed that the Mandarin's primary purpose is not to conquer Russia, but instead to test Iron Man himself, prove him worthy as a foe, and to justify the Mandarin's own thoughts on the feudal nature of capitalism. The Mandarin appears to die as the Dragon of Heaven explodes, but Iron Man is not convinced that his foe has truly met his end.<ref>{{Cite comic | title=Iron Man|volume=3|Issue=#10|date=Nov. 1998|publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref>

===Temugin===
Despite the uncertainty of his fate, it would be nearly 10 years before the Mandarin returned to the pages of ''Iron Man''. In the interim, Iron Man faces the Mandarin's son, [[Temugin]]. Temugin has precious few memories of his father, and most of them involve his father taking him to the monastery where he was raised and trained by monks. Temugin is sensitive, spiritual, and extremely powerful because of his control of [[Qi|chi]], the living force in all things.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2010}}

One day, Temugin receives a package containing the severed hands of the Mandarin, bearing all 10 rings of power. Temugin knows that he is honor-bound to fulfill his father's wishes for him. He challenges Iron Man to avenge his father's death, and he proves a deadly adversary even without the rings.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' vol. 3 #15</ref>

After Tony Stark reveals a conspiracy for mass murder in his own ranks, Temugin appears to have forgiven Iron Man for the death of his father and to have turned to more lofty pursuits, but events indicate that the evil power of the rings has corrupted his soul.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2010}}

Temugin had been named after his, and the Mandarin's, claimed ancestor Genghis Khan, whose birth name was Temujin (also spelled Temuchin, Temudjin, u also variates to ü).{{Volume needed|c=y|date=September 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-28|title=10 Things Only Comic Book Fans Know About Shang Chi's Mandarin|url=https://screenrant.com/shang-chi-iron-man-things-only-comic-fans-know/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US}}</ref>

Temugin is later contacted by the double-crossing [[Spot (Marvel Comics)|Spot]], who gives him a super-weapon that [[MODOK]] had been planning to steal. In this appearance, Temugin speaks of the Mandarin as "my late father", and bears the rings, one of which he uses to imprison the Spot in another dimension with nothing but money. In the following issue, the [[Puma (comics)|Puma]] tears off at least one of Temugin's hands, but despite this, he retained at least half of the rings—and possibly all of them, as [[Nightshade (Marvel Comics)|Nightshade]], who used the rings on his lost hand, is not seen with them at the end of the story.<ref>''Super-Villain Team-Up: [[MODOK]]'s 11'' #3-4</ref>

Nevertheless, he later reappeared without the rings, and with a cybernetic arm, as a member of the Atlas Foundation, having been selected as a secondary candidate for the position of its ruler by the ancient dragon Mr. Lao. In this capacity he is a constant irritant to [[Jimmy Woo]], the head of Atlas.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=April 2009}}

===Revival===
The Mandarin is revived in a subsequent ''Iron Man'' story arc, in which he is revealed to have been in a prison in central China for some time. It is revealed that he has lost his hands (most likely the hands that were sent to Temugin were, in fact, actually the Mandarin's), and that he has been living with no food or water for years, an ability that is likely due to his mastery of chi. Despite being handless and starved, he is able to kill several men armed with guns via his mastery of the [[martial arts]]. His rings have been returned to him and have been re-assimilated into his body by heating them and burning them into his spine.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' vol. 3 #17</ref>

After attacking Iron Man, via [[S.H.I.E.L.D.]]—with dozens of unwitting proxies in the form of extremist splinter groups, equipped by him with hyper-advanced biological weapons—he eventually resurfaces as Tem Borjigin (yet another name of Genghis Khan), now employing artificial hands.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2010}}

===Government infiltration===
The Mandarin infiltrates the U.S. government via his role as CEO of Prometheus, a corporation specializing in bio-engineered weaponry. He appears to be using Tony Stark's former love interest [[Maya Hansen]] to produce an army of soldiers enhanced with [[Extremis]],<ref name=IronManDirShield15-28>''Iron Man: Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' #15–28, Marvel Comics</ref> an artificial biotech virus created by Hansen that when introduced into a subject with a specific gene receptive to it (which only 2.5% of the population possess), grants that subject a super-boosted immune system and a greatly enhanced healing ability that can spontaneously generate new, improved organs, but which increases aggression and kills anyone injected with it who lacks the gene for it.<ref>''Iron Man'' vol. 4 #24, Marvel Comics</ref> The Mandarin is also financing and arming terrorists around the globe, and plans to unleash the Extremis virus on the public, expecting the 97.5% fatality ratio to cause a mass catastrophe of deaths.<ref name=IronManDirShield15-28/> The Mandarin admits to Hansen that even he will die in the outbreak, but she and those with the gene to survive will become free from disease and effectively immortal. Though he has his Extremis virus disabled, Iron Man defeats the Mandarin while wearing the [[Iron Man's armor#Iron Man Armor MK VII (Silver Centurion)|Silver Centurion]] armor by tearing five of the rings out of the Mandarin's spine, blasting him with those rings, his unibeam, and his repulsor rays at the same time and then freezing him as he is engulfed in a deadly concentrated Extremis virus. Iron Man then prevents the Extremis outbreak.<ref name="IronManDirShield#28">''Iron Man: Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' #28</ref>

When the Mandarin's apparently frozen body is autopsied, all that is found is a blackened husk, not unlike an Extremis chrysalis.<ref name="IronManDirShield#28"/>

===''Enter the Mandarin''===
In 2007, the Mandarin appeared in ''Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin'', an expanded and modified retelling of his earliest appearances in ''Tales of Suspense''. The series was written by [[Joe Casey]] and drawn by Eric Canete.<ref>''Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin'' #1–5, Marvel Comics</ref>

==="Mandarin: The Story of My Life"===
In ''The Invincible Iron Man'' vol. 4 Annual #1 by [[Matt Fraction]], a new updated origin of the Mandarin is offered. Here, the Mandarin kidnaps a young up-and-coming film producer to tell his life's story. He relates the same story that he once told Iron Man in ''Tales of Suspense'' of his English noblewoman mother and his schooling at the finest boarding schools in the land. The director learns that much of what the Mandarin says is contradictory and false, and it is hinted that the Mandarin has used one of his own rings to make himself believe this tapestry of half-truths. The director discovers that the Mandarin was the son of an opium den prostitute who went on to become a powerful underworld figure before discovering the Ten Rings of Power in an alien craft, the pilot of which he brutally slew to obtain them. The Mandarin slaughtered the Red Chinese army officials for daring to cross him, while financing his operations with drug and gun smuggling, aided by the mercenary [[Wong-Chu|Raza]]. In this retelling, he is also said to have been at the camp in which Tony Stark constructed his Iron Man armor, though Stark is unaware of this fact.

Angered at the Mandarin holding his wife hostage, the director shoots the film as ''he'' wishes, ''not'' as the Mandarin dictates. The Mandarin denounces this telling of his past as lies and angrily destroys the theater in which it was being shown before having the director killed. Later, he regrets murdering the director, noting that he really ''did'' love his films.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' vol. 4 Annual #1</ref>

==="Stark Resilient"===
At the conclusion of the 2010–2011 "Stark Resilient" storyline, it is revealed that the Mandarin is the father of [[Sasha Hammer]], as she introduces her boyfriend [[Zeke Stane]] to her parents.<ref name="IronManVol5#33">{{Cite comic|writer=[[Fraction, Matt]]|artist=[[Larocca, Salvador]]|title=[[The Invincible Iron Man (comics)|The Invincible Iron Man]]|story=Stark Resilient: Park 9: The Man in the Box|volume=5|issue=#33|date=Feb. 2011|publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref>

With help from Zeke Stane, Mandarin recruits [[Blizzard (Marvel Comics)#Donald Gill|Blizzard]], [[Chemistro]], the [[Crimson Dynamo]], [[Firebrand (Marvel Comics)|Firebrand]], [[Firepower (comics)|Firepower]], the [[Living Laser]], the [[Melter]], the [[Mauler (comics)|Mauler]], a [[Titanium Man]], [[Vibro (comics)|Vibro]], and [[Whirlwind (comics)|Whirlwind]], as well as building some new [[Dreadnought (comics)|Dreadnought]] robots in a plot to take out Iron Man.<ref>{{Cite comic|writer=Fraction, Matt|artist=Larocca, Salvador|title=The Invincible Iron Man|story=Demon Part 4: Control|volume=|issue=#513|date=April 2012|publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref>

==="Long Way Down", "The Future", and death===
In the 2012 storyline "The Long Way Down", it is revealed that the Mandarin has gained some measure of mental control over Tony Stark, apparently established around the time of the "World's Most Wanted" and "Stark Disassembled" story arcs, wherein Stark effectively wiped his own mind to safeguard critical S.H.I.E.L.D. data from [[Green Goblin|Norman Osborn]] and H.A.M.M.E.R. How the Mandarin gained this control is as yet unrevealed, but it has been stated that he is "in [Stark's] head" and had been observing and influencing his actions since Stark's return to public life.<ref>{{Cite comic|writer=Fraction, Matt|artist=Larocca, Salvador|story=Long Way Down 5: The Dead and the Dying|title=The Invincible Iron Man|issue=#520|date=Sept. 2012|publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref> Among these actions were implanted design ideas for "Titanomechs", huge squid-like war machines apparently capable of taking over the world (as seen in an alternate future in ''The Invincible Iron Man'' #500).<ref>{{Cite comic|writer=Fraction, Matt|artist=Larocca, Salvador; [[Kano (comics)|Kano]]; Fox, Nathan; [[Di Giandomenico, Carmine]]|story=The New Iron Age|title=The Invincible Iron Man|volume=|issue=#500|date=March 2011|publisher=Marvel Comics}}</ref>

This led into the next storyline "The Future", in which the Mandarin kidnaps Stark and brings him to Mandarin City to develop 10 Titanomechs, which Mandarin plans to use as host bodies for each of his 10 rings, which he reveals are actually vessels for the souls of 10 alien beings. In truth, the Mandarin serves these beings and has planned all along to "resurrect" them in this fashion.<ref>{{cite comic|writer=Fraction, Matt|artist=Larocca, Salavdor|story=The Future Part 2: Rings|title=The Invincible Iron Man|issue=#522|volume=|publisher=Marvel Comics|date=Oct. 2012}}</ref>

Tony forms an alliance with others that the Mandarin has imprisoned, including Ezekiel Stane, Whirlwind, Blizzard, and the Living Laser. In a rebellion against the Mandarin, Stark manages to alert his staff at Stark Resilient to find him and manages to destroy the Titanomechs. In the ensuing battle, the Mandarin is apparently killed by Stane, much to the dismay of Iron Man.<ref>{{cite comic|writer=Fraction, Matt|artist=Larocca, Salavdor|story=The Future Part 6: Independence Day|title=The Invincible Iron Man|issue=#526|volume=|publisher=Marvel Comics|date=Dec. 2012}}</ref>

===Rings of the Mandarin===
In the [[Marvel NOW!]] relaunch of ''Iron Man'' by writer [[Kieron Gillen]], the Mandarin's rings managed to escape from S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Weapon Vault Omega, the Mento-Intensifier Ring staying behind to create the illusion that the rings were still there. Each of the rings later started finding new hosts with the purpose of "saving Earth from Tony Stark", using persuasive language and mind control to bend them towards their cause against Iron Man. Each one of them has been codenamed, from Mandarin-One to Mandarin-Ten:

* The Matter-Rearranger Ring was taken by a Chinese gang [[warlord]] calling himself '''Lord Remaker'''. He commanded numerous triads which protected the city from anyone who wanted to interfere. However, he was stripped from his power when Tony Stark decided to rebuild the city into a futuristic utopia. Upon obtaining the "Remaker" ring, Lord Remaker became Mandarin-One.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' vol. 5 #21.INH</ref>
* '''Colin Sixty''' was part of the clone output created by A.I.M. He was created specifically to be sold to Cortex Inc. As "C. Anderson Sixty", Colin Sixty was put under the charge of the regional direction of Cortex Inc.'s Lunar operations in Tranquility Gulch. When Tony Stark, the governor of Tranquility Gulch went on a quest to kick out major competitors in the exploitation of Phlogistone, he revealed Anderson Sixty's true nature to the press to discredit Cortex by having allied with A.I.M.. With his life ruined, Colin tried to kill Stark with a laser cutter; using his martial arts training, Stark disposed of Colin's weapon and maimed his hand in a tank of liquid nitrogen. He was found by Mandarin's Impact Ring and made Mandarin-Two.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' vol. 5 #26</ref>
* '''Alec Eiffel''' was a fascist who was chosen by Mandarin's Vortex Ring to be its host Mandarin-Three to help it and the other rings have revenge on Tony Stark.<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #25">''Iron Man'' vol. 5 #25</ref>
* It is revealed that after reclaiming his kingdom [[Svartalfheim]], '''[[Malekith the Accursed]]''' was approached by the Disintegration Beam Ring seeking a host, becoming Mandarin-Four. Malekith bent its will to his rather than letting it control his mind. He has now begun a campaign to attack all other "Mandarins" and take their rings, desiring "the full set" before attacking Tony Stark. Though he is usually a foe of [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]] and other magical beings, his opposition to Iron Man is rooted in the Dark Elves' traditional weakness towards iron.<ref name="ironman23">''The Invincible Iron Man'' vol. 5 #23.NOW</ref>
* '''{{vanchor|Victor Kohl}}''' is the black sheep of his family where he was the only member of his family that did not go through Terrigenesis during the ''[[Inhumanity (comics)|Inhumanity]]'' storyline. Victor was confronted by the Black Light Ring of the Mandarin which found him acceptable to be its wearer. With its power and still under the influence of alcohol, Victor attacked the Inhuman Nativity Center where Robert was apparently killed. Iron Man appeared to stop him and Victor had to flee after the Golden Avenger injured his shoulder with a laser. The ring teleported Victor to a safe place. While recovering, Victor suffered from Terrigenesis for his surprise. As soon as he resurfaced, Victor was found and confronted by [[Medusa (comics)|Medusa]]. She showed to him the rest of the body of his father, which was destroyed during Victor's rampage in the Nativity Center. She also explained to Victor that he did not suffer from Terrigenesis, not because he did not have blood ties with his family, but because the level of exposure to the Terrigen Mists to activate the Terrigenesis in certain individuals can vary. She exiled Victor from the Inhumans for his actions. Victor blamed himself for what he did, but the ring managed to make him blame Tony Stark from not stopping him when he was rampaging drunk. The ring also suggested Victor's new nickname, the '''Exile'''. The Exile was also referred to as Mandarin-Five.<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #20.INH">''Iron Man'' vol. 5 #20.INH</ref> He was later killed by [[Iron Man 2020#Earth-616|Arno Stark]].<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #28">''Iron Man'' vol. 5 #28</ref>
* The White Light Ring approached the '''[[Mole Man]]''' to help it and the other rings have revenge on Tony Stark, where he became Mandarin-Six.<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #25"/>
* '''Abigail Burns''' is an English activist who believes the world needs to be saved from capitalism, corporate hegemony and the impotence of democracy for which among her activities she wrote columns. One night, the Fire Blast Ring approached her and decided she possessed the suitable will to become Mandarin-Seven and her mission was to "save the world from Tony Stark." Besides being referred to as Mandarin-Seven, Abigail calls herself "Red Peril".<ref>''Iron Man'' vol. 5 #18</ref>
* '''Marc Kumar''' was a freelancer P.R. and marketing expert who met Pepper Potts in Las Vegas, during Tony Stark's absence in space, while he was handling a drunk client at a party Pepper was attending. After dating for months, Marc proposed to Pepper in Scotland. From the stories Pepper told him about Stark, Marc came to the conclusion that he treated her badly, and grew resentful at Tony. He was approached by the Mento-Intensifier Ring to help get revenge on Tony Stark, where he became Mandarin-Eight.<ref>''The Invincible Iron Man'' vol. 5 #27</ref>
* An unnamed Broadway director/composer/conductor was formerly in charge of a musical based on Iron Man's life called "The Man in the Iron Mask" which showed Tony Stark as a pervert. Under the orders of Stark himself, the director was replaced and he took it poorly. The Electro-Blast Ring latched onto an egotistical musical-theatre artist calling himself "The Lighting Conductor" and operated as Mandarin-Nine.<ref name="ironman23"/>
* The supervillain '''Endotherm''' was chosen by the Ice Blast Ring to become Mandarin-Ten and help to get revenge on Tony Stark. His ring was later stolen by Abigail Burns using a Master Ring.<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #25"/>

However, after the Malekith beheaded Mandarin-One and Mandarin-Nine, as well as cutting off the hands of Mandarin-Six,<ref name="ironman23"/> the remaining six Mandarins joined forces just in time to attack Malekith while Iron Man was also mounting an assault on the Dark Elves.<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #25"/> With Malekith defeated, the Mandarins initially contemplated continuing to work together due to Kumar's influence, but after Tony and Arno were able to use the four rings they had recovered already to form a 'Master Ring' that could control the others, as well as convincing the former Mandarin-Six to help them, most of the remaining Mandarins were defeated in a final assault; the only one to escape was the Mole Man, who concluded that the rings had been more trouble than they were worth, as he was content with the status quo.<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #28"/>

With all 10 rings now in custody, Iron Man realized the recovered [[Recorder 451]]'s corpse from deep space was transmitting an alien frequency that had upgraded the rings to become sentient.<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #28"/>

===Encounter with the Punisher and death===
The final Mandarin turned up in his Tem Borjigen alias when [[Helmut Zemo|Baron Zemo]] selected him as the public face of the HYDRA-occupied [[Bagalia]] in his shared plot with [[Minotaur (comics)|Dario Agger]] and the [[Roxxon Energy Corporation]] to have the [[United Nations]] recognize Bagalia as an independent nation. As part of his revenge on HYDRA for manipulating him during the "[[Secret Empire (2017 comic)|Secret Empire]]" storyline, the [[Punisher]] finds the Mandarin making a speech at the United Nations and fires a special bullet. After using his rings to slow down the bullet while trying to deflect it, the Mandarin is struck in the head and killed with the bullet, which is witnessed by Baron Zemo and everyone watching his speech.<ref>''The Punisher'' vol. 12 #1. Marvel Comics</ref>

==Powers and abilities==
The Mandarin is a superb athlete with tremendous skill in the various [[martial arts]]. Through repeated practice, he has toughened all the striking surfaces of his body, especially his hands, which are covered with thick calluses. He can even split Iron Man's magnetic-beam reinforced alloy armor with repeated blows.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=March 2022}} So great is the Mandarin's martial arts ability, that he can even survive years without food and water, apparently sustaining himself purely via his mastery of [[Qi|chi]]; the precise degree of the Mandarin's martial arts powers has been the subject of multiple implied [[Retroactive continuity|retcon]]s by Marvel Comics.<ref>''Tales of Suspense'' #54</ref>

The Mandarin is one of [[Marvel Universe|Marvel]] Earth's greatest scientific geniuses, and highly skilled in various sciences. Not only has he made himself into an expert authority on alien Makluan science, but he has also built upon this knowledge by making further discoveries based upon it.

The principal personal weapons of the Mandarin are the [[Mandarin's rings|10 rings]] which he wears on the fingers of both hands. The rings' operations cannot be explained by contemporary Earth science, but it is known that they served as near-limitless power sources for the warp-drive engines of the Makluan starship of Axonn-Karr. The Mandarin learned how to convert the rings to his personal uses and to make them respond to his mental commands. The fingers on which he wears each ring, and the known functions for which he uses each ring, are given below.

As of writer [[Kieron Gillen]]'s tenure on Iron Man, new names have been revealed for some rings which the rings—apparently sentient—use to identify one another. Capable of speech and inter-communication via [[telepathy]], the rings demonstrate personality traits and are even capable of mocking and humiliating the Nightbringer ring for failing to find a host at the same time as its fellows.<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #20.INH"/> The sentience was later revealed to be a temporary power-up caused by contact with the Recorder 451.<ref name="Iron Man Vol. 5 #28"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Digit !! Left hand !! Right hand
|-
| Little finger
|
; Ice Blast/"Zero"
: The ring emits waves of intense cold and ice which can be used to trap opponents. The ring usually causes the moisture in the air in the path of its blast to turn to ice, and can lower an object's temperature to nearly absolute zero. The gem is shaped like multiple small cylindrical capsules, colored blue-white.
|
; Black Light/"Nightbringer"
: The ring can create an area of total darkness that seems to absorb all light used within it. Although "black light" is a term used to refer to ultraviolet radiation, the darkness created by the ring is probably a form of the "[[Darkforce]]". The gem is shaped like four tiny black-blue dots, arranged in a square shape in groups of two.
|-
| Ring finger
|
; Mento-Intensifier/"The Liar"
: The ring magnifies the wearer's own psionic energy, allowing him to manipulate the thoughts and actions of others, putting them under his control and transmitting orders to them mentally. Most frequently used to create illusions, capable of affecting all five senses. The gem is shaped like a blue diamond/tilted square.
|
; Disintegration Beam/"Spectral"
: The ring emits a beam of energy that destroys all bonds between the atoms and molecules of the object that it strikes, causing them to disintegrate. This ring needs twenty minutes to recharge after use. The gem is shaped like a golden square.
|-
| Middle finger
|
; Electro-Blast/"Lightning"
: The ring emits blasts of electricity in amounts and intensities mentally determined by the wearer. The maximum current attainable is not known. The gem is shaped like an angled green line.
|
; Vortex Beam/"Spin"
: The ring causes the air to move about at high speed in a vortex. The vortex can be used offensively, as a means of levitating objects, or as a means of propelling the ring's wearer through the air. The gem is shaped like a simple blue circle.
|-
| Index finger
|
; Flame Blast/"Incandescence"
: The ring emits infrared radiation or heat at intensities mentally determined by the wearer. Usually the heat produces flame through incandescing the molecules in the air in the path of the blast. The heat beam can be used to trigger chemical explosions. The maximum amount of heat that it can generate is not known. The gem is shaped similarly to the ice blast ring, but with four capsules and a red color.
|
; Impact Beam/"Influence"
: This ring can emit various forms of energy, most frequently that of fast neutrons with great concussive force. The ring could also project intense sonic vibrations and create magnetic waves to attract or repel objects. The ring has been used to send Iron Man slamming through a mountain. The gem is shaped like a star, colored purple (or red).
|-
| Thumb
|
; White Light/"Daimonic"
: This ring can emit various forms of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum. It can generate intense light to blind opponents, use magnetic fields to levitate objects, use holograms to confuse opponents, and create gravity powerful enough to make Iron Man bury himself by trying to walk forward. The gem is shaped like two white circles, set in gold (almost like a pair of eyes).
|
; Matter Rearranger/"Remaker"
: This ring can rearrange the atoms and molecules of a substance, or speed up or slow down their movement, so as to produce various effects. The ring has been used to condense water vapor to liquid water, solidify gases, create lethal poison gas from the air, turn men to stone or into a beetle, change a mountain into a rock monster, erupt stone hands from the floor, rearrange costumes, or transform a man's body into a younger duplicate of the Mandarin. The ring cannot transmute elements or rearrange the atoms and molecules of Iron Man's magnetic-beam reinforced armor. The gem is shaped like a small purple circle.
|}

Over the years through mental discipline achieved through meditation and long practice in use of the rings, the Mandarin has established a strong [[psionic]] link with his 10 rings, which was made many times stronger during the period in which his [[mind]]/spirit actually inhabited them.{{Volume needed|c=y|date=April 2010}} One result is that no one who wears the rings other than the Mandarin himself can command them without his permission. The Mandarin can now command the rings even when they are separated from him by vast distances. He can mentally monitor events taking place near a ring that has been separated from him. Continued exposure to the alien rings made his hands green and scaly. He can voluntarily give temporary control over a ring to his servants. If the servant dies or falls unconscious, the ring teleports back to the Mandarin. Conversely, if the Mandarin himself is knocked out, all the rings automatically return to him. On one occasion,{{Volume needed|c=y|date=April 2010}} this left the Mandarin's servants powerless to stop some of Tony Stark's employees that the Mandarin had kidnapped from escaping.

The Mandarin has also used a force-field generator,{{Volume needed|c=y|date=April 2010}} but this is not part of his standard weaponry.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

He has also used a headband enabling him to transfer his mind into his rings or into another's body and a teleportation device hidden on his person, both examples of Makluan technology.

The Mandarin is a brilliant and brutal tactician and a gifted strategist. He also abides by a very strict [[Academic honor code|code of honor]]. When he attempted to stop Stark Enterprises from establishing itself in Hong Kong, the Mandarin challenged Iron Man to a [[duel]], stating that if he won, he would take control of Stark Enterprises' Hong Kong operations, and that he would cease hindering Stark's activities if he lost. When Iron Man defeated him in fair combat, he lived up to his end of the agreement. On another occasion, he killed one of his minions for attempting to drug him during a practice session, angry that one of his students would use such dishonorable tactics.

==Other versions==
===''Spider-Ham''===
'''Mandaringtail''', an anthropomorphic [[lemur]] variant of the Mandarin from Earth-8311, appears in ''[[Peter Porker, the Spectacular Spider-Ham]]'' #16.<ref>''Peter Porker, the Spectacular Spider-Ham'' #16</ref>

===''Heroes Reborn''===
An alternate version of the Mandarin from a pocket dimension created by Franklin Richards appears in ''[[Heroes Reborn (1996 comic)|Heroes Reborn]]''. This version is a robot created by [[Doctor Doom]] as a puppet to control [[Hydra (comics)|HYDRA]].<ref>''Iron Man'' vol. 2 #5 (March 1997), Marvel Comics</ref>

===Marvel Mangaverse===
An alternate universe variant of the Mandarin from Earth-2301 appears in ''[[New Mangaverse]]'' #2.<ref>''New Mangaverse'' #2 (February 2006). Marvel Comics.</ref>

===''House of M''===
An alternate universe variant of the Mandarin appears in ''[[House of M]]''.<ref>''House of M: Avengers'' #4, Marvel Comics</ref>

===Ultimate Marvel===
An alternate universe variant of the Mandarin from Earth-1610 appears in the [[Ultimate Marvel]] series as a villain in an in-universe television series.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Ultimate Avengers vs. New Ultimates'' #2, Marvel Comics</ref> Additionally, the organization '''Mandarin International''' appears in ''[[Ultimate Comics: Iron Man]]'' as a former ally of [[Stark International]].<ref>''Ultimate Comics: Iron Man'' #1</ref><ref>Ching, Albert (July 13, 2012). [http://www.newsarama.com/comics/sdcc-2012-exclusive-ultimate-comics-iron-man.html "SDCC 2012 Exclusive: Ultimate IRON MAN vs. Mandarin"]. [[Newsarama]]</ref><ref>''Ultimate Comics: Iron Man'' #4, Marvel Comics</ref>

===''Secret Wars'' (2015)===
'''[[Zheng Zu]]''', an alternate universe variant of the Mandarin from [[Battleworld]], appears in ''[[Secret Wars (2015)|Secret Wars]]''. He is the emperor of [[K'un-L'un]] before his son Shang-Chi defeats and petrifies him.<ref>''Master of Kung Fu'' vol. 2 #1–4 (2015)</ref>

==In other media==
===Television===
* The Mandarin appears in ''[[The Marvel Super Heroes]]'', voiced by Henry Ramer.<ref>''The Marvel Super Heroes on TV! Book One: Iron Man'' (2017) by J. Ballmann, {{ISBN|978-1545345658}}</ref>
* The Mandarin appears in ''[[Iron Man (TV series)|Iron Man]]'' (1994), voiced by [[Ed Gilbert]] in the first season and [[Robert Ito]] in the second.<ref name="btva">{{cite web |title=Mandarin Voices (Iron Man) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Iron-Man/Mandarin/ |access-date=August 11, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> This version is '''Arnold Brock''', an archaeologist who encountered a buried alien spaceship and forged the gems inside it into rings to harness their powers. After battling Iron Man and [[Force Works]] throughout the first season, the Mandarin loses his rings and spends most of the second season traveling the world to reclaim them. He eventually succeeds, but is defeated by Iron Man and rendered amnesiac before mountain bandits kill him and obtain his rings.
* Several characters based on the Mandarin appear in ''[[Iron Man: Armored Adventures]]'', voiced by [[Vincent Tong (voice actor)|Vincent Tong]].<ref name="btva" /> Users of the identity wield the Makluan Rings, which in addition to imbuing them with various powers, allow them to don samurai-like armor that grants superhuman strength and durability. Additionally, the original Mandarin scattered them around the world years prior and employed Makluan Guardians to test potential successors.
** The primary incarnation is '''Gene Khan''' (also voiced by Tong),<ref name="btva3">{{cite web |title=Gene Khan Voice - Iron Man: Armored Adventures (TV Show) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Iron-Man-Armored-Adventures/Gene-Khan/ |access-date=August 11, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> a descendant of the Mandarin and [[Genghis Khan]] who is part Makluan due to genetic modifications he inherited from them. After obtaining the rings, he helps Iron Man and Earth's heroes repel a Makluan invasion before disappearing.
** '''Xin "Shin" Zhang''' is Gene's stepfather and head of the Tong crime organization who initially claimed to be the "true Mandarin" before Gene imprisons him and disposes of him off-screen.
* The Mandarin appears in ''[[Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload]]'', voiced by [[Barry Dennen]].<ref name="btva" />
* The Mandarin appears in ''[[Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers]]'', voiced by [[Taiten Kusunoki]] in Japanese and [[Jamieson Price]] in English.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

===Film===
The Mandarin appears in ''[[The Invincible Iron Man (film)|The Invincible Iron Man]]'', voiced by [[Fred Tatasciore]].<ref name="btva" /> This version is an ancient ruler of a Chinese dynasty who was served by two dragons, [[Fin Fang Foom]] and Zhen Ji Xang, before being defeated and losing his rings, which were scattered around the world. In the present, his descendant Li-Mei gathers the rings and uses their power, allowing him to project his spirit through her. However, they are eventually defeated by Iron Man.

===Marvel Cinematic Universe===
{{See also|Ten Rings (organization)|Trevor Slattery|Xu Wenwu}}
[[File:Ben Kingsley by Gage Skidmore.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Ben Kingsley at the 2014 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]
[[File:Tony Leung (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|upright|Tony Leung in 2016]]
Several variations of the Mandarin concept appear in media set in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU):
* The Mandarin is indirectly referenced via a terrorist group called the Ten Rings in the live-action films ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' (2008), ''[[Iron Man 2]]'', and ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 1, 2008 |title=Live chat with Jon Favreau today at 11am Pacific Time |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2008/10/live-chat-with.html |access-date=October 3, 2008 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002102048/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2008/10/live-chat-with.html |archive-date=2008-10-02 }}</ref><ref name="chud.com">Faraci, Devin (May 7, 2010). [http://www.chud.com/23644/7-easter-eggs-to-look-out-for-in-iron-man-2/ "7 EASTER EGGS TO LOOK OUT FOR IN IRON MAN 2"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721185559/http://www.chud.com/23644/7-easter-eggs-to-look-out-for-in-iron-man-2/ |date=2019-07-21 }}. CHUD.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comicbook.com/2015/07/17/ant-man-movie-easter-eggs-and-marvel-universe-references/|title=Ant-Man Movie: Easter Eggs And Marvel Universe References|date=July 17, 2015|author=Brandon Davis|quote=Ant-Man fuels that fire a bit by having a Ten Rings logo tattooed on one of the men's necks who tries to deal with the big bad Darren Cross.}}</ref>
* The Mandarin appears in the live-action film ''[[Iron Man 3]]''<ref name="KingsleyMandarin">{{cite news|author=Wallace, Lewis|title=At Iron Man 3 Panel, Marvel Unveils 'Phase Two' of Its Movie Master Plan|newspaper=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=July 15, 2012|url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2012/07/iron-man-3-marvel-comic-con/}}</ref><ref name="chud.com"/><ref name="Yahoo">{{cite news|author=Doty, Meriah|date=March 5, 2013 |title='Iron Man 3': The Mandarin's origins explained! | url=https://movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-talk/iron-man-3-mandarin-origins-explained-164713346.html|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]}}</ref> as a terrorist persona portrayed by British actor '''[[Trevor Slattery]]''' (portrayed by [[Ben Kingsley]]), who serves as the idealized image of [[Aldrich Killian (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Aldrich Killian]] (portrayed by [[Guy Pearce]]) to mask his illegal activities involving the [[Extremis]] virus and [[Advanced Idea Mechanics (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Advanced Idea Mechanics]].
** Slattery also appears in the live-action [[Marvel One-Shot]] ''[[All Hail the King]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/01/09/marvel-one-shot-ben-kingsley-mandarin-all-hail-the-king|title=Marvel One-Shot: First Look at Ben Kingsley's Mandarin encore in 'All Hail the King' short film|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|date=9 January 2014}}</ref> in which he is imprisoned in [[Seagate Prison]] following Killian's death before Ten Rings agent "[[Nighthawk (Marvel Comics)|Jackson Norriss]]" kidnaps him as punishment for abusing the Mandarin's name, and ''Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings'' (see below).
* The "true" Mandarin appears in the live-action film ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]'', portrayed by [[Tony Leung Chiu-wai|Tony Leung]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-marvel-studios-comic-con-2019-hall-h-panel-liveblog-1836393911|title=The Marvel Studios Comic-Con 2019 Hall H Panel Liveblog!|first=Germain|last=Lussier|website=io9|date=20 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Outlaw |first1=Kofi |title=Shang-Chi Casting May Confirm Major Mandarin Origin Retcon in MCU |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/07/25/shang-chi-movie-origin-mandarin-father-son/ |website=comicbook.com |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> This version is '''[[Wenwu|Xu Wenwu]]''', the Ten Rings' leader and father of [[Shang-Chi (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Shang-Chi]] and [[Xu Xialing|Xialing]], who became an immortal warlord through the Ten Rings' [[Ten Rings (object)|namesakes]], though he never used the Mandarin name for himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Justin |date=December 12, 2020 |title=Shang-Chi's Cast Listing May Reveal The Mandarin's REAL Name |url=https://www.cbr.com/shang-chi-mandarin-name-wenwu/ |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=Comic Book Resources |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Alternate timeline variants of Wenwu appear in the animated [[Disney+]] series ''[[What If...? (TV series)|What If...?]]'', voiced by [[Feodor Chin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tashinga |first=Garnet Phillip |date=December 30, 2023 |title=What If…? Season 2 Recasts Major MCU Phase Four Villain |url=https://www.cbr.com/what-if-season-2-recasts-phase-four-villian/ |access-date=December 30, 2023 |website=Comic Book Resources |language=en}}</ref><ref name="btva" />

===Video games===
* The Mandarin appears as a [[Boss (video games)|boss]] in ''[[Captain America and the Avengers]]''.
* The Mandarin appears as a boss in ''[[Marvel Ultimate Alliance]]'', voiced by [[James Sie]]. This version was originally a member of [[Doctor Doom]]'s [[Masters of Evil]] until he launched a failed rebellion against him and left the group.
* The Mandarin appears in ''[[Marvel Pinball]]''.
* The Mandarin appears as a boss in ''[[Marvel Avengers Alliance]]''.
* The Mandarin appears as a boss in ''[[Marvel Heroes (video game)|Marvel Heroes]]'', voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.<ref name="btva" />
* The Mandarin appears as a boss and an [[unlockable (gaming)|unlockable]] playable character in ''[[Lego Marvel Super Heroes]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebrickfan.com/lego-marvel-super-heroes-xbox-360-achievements/|title=LEGO Marvel Super Heroes Xbox 360 Achievements|date=22 September 2013}}</ref> voiced by [[John DiMaggio]]. He and [[Aldrich Killian]] lead Extremis soldiers in taking over [[Stark Tower]]. After Killian is defeated, the Mandarin hijacks Iron Man's Hulkbuster Armor to fight Iron Man and [[Captain America]], but is defeated and arrested by [[S.H.I.E.L.D.]]
* The Mandarin appears as an unlockable playable character in ''[[Lego Marvel's Avengers]]''.
* The Mandarin appears as an unlockable playable character in ''[[Marvel Avengers Academy]]''.
* Wenwu appears as an unlockable playable character in ''[[Marvel Future Fight]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheehan|first=Gavin|date=2021-09-08|title=Shang-Chi Expansion Has Been Added To Marvel Future Fight|url=https://bleedingcool.com/games/shang-chi-expansion-has-been-added-to-marvel-future-fight/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Bleeding Cool News And Rumors|language=en}}</ref>
* Wenwu appears as an unlockable playable character in ''[[Marvel Super War]]'',<ref>{{Citation|title=MARVEL Super War - MARVEL Super War - Wenwu {{!}} Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/MARVELSuperWar/videos/marvel-super-war-wenwu/539118924034455/|language=en|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref> voiced by Aleks Le.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1441813961335181312|user=AleksLeVO|title=I GOT TO VOICE A MARVEL CHARACTER!!!You can hear me as Wenwu in Marvel Super War! I had no idea they were going t…|date=25 September 2021}}</ref>

===Merchandise===
* The Mandarin received a [[figurine]] in [[the Classic Marvel Figurine Collection]].
* The Mandarin received two figures, one in red and one in green, in [[Toy Biz]]'s 6" ''[[Marvel Legends]] Face-Off'' line as part of two-packs with Iron Man and [[War Machine]] respectively.
* The Mandarin, based on his appearance in ''Iron Man'' (1994), received a figure in Toy Biz's ''Iron Man'' line.
* The Mandarin, based on the ''[[Iron Man: Armored Adventures]]'' incarnation, received a figure in [[Hasbro]]'s 3.75" figure line.
* The Mandarin, under the name "Zhang Tong", received a figure in the ''[[Marvel Super Hero Squad]]'' line as part of ''The Danger of Dreadknight'' four-pack alongside two figures of Iron Man and one of [[Dreadknight]].
* The Mandarin received a figure in the ''Marvel [[Minimates]]'' line.
* The Mandarin received a figure in Hasbro's 3.75" ''Iron Man 2'' tie-in line. Additionally, a red version came out in a Marvel Universe comic pack with Iron Man's Silver Centurion armor.
* The Mandarin received mini-figures in two of [[Lego]]'s Marvel Super Heroes sets, "Iron Man: Malibu Mansion Attack" and "Iron Man vs. the Mandarin: Ultimate Showdown".
* The Mandarin received a series of figurines in the [[HeroClix]] line.
* Xu Wenwu received mini-figures in Lego's "Escape from the Ten Rings" and "Battle at the Ancient Village" sets.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.marvel.com/universe/Mandarin Mandarin] at Marvel.com

{{Iron Man}}
{{Avengers characters}}
{{Shang-Chi}}
{{Winter Guard}}
{{Stan Lee}}

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