View source for The Arab of the Future

{{Short description|Autobiographical graphic novel series by Riad Sattouf}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox graphic novel <!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics--> 
| title           = The Arab of the Future
| image           = L'Arabe du futur (cover).jpg
| imagesize       = 
| alt             = 
| caption         = 
| publisher       = Metropolitan Books
| date            = 2015
| main_char_team  = 
| isbn            = 978-1627793445
| origpublication = 
| origissues      = 
| origseries      = 
| origdate        = 
| origlanguage    = French
| origisbn        = 
| writer          = [[Riad Sattouf]]
| artist          = Riad Sattouf
| letterer        = 
| editor          = 
| pages           = 160
| translator      = 
}}
'''''The Arab of the Future'''''{{efn|Full title: '''''A Childhood in the Middle East, 1978–1984: A Graphic Memoir'''''}} ({{langx|fr|L'Arabe du futur}}) is a graphic memoir by French [[cartoonist]] [[Riad Sattouf]].<ref name="TheGuardian">{{cite web|last1=Snaije|first1=Olivia|title=Riad Sattouf draws on multicultural past for The Arab of the Future|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/28/riad-sattouf-draws-on-his-own-multicultural-past-for-the-arab-of-the-future-books|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=4 February 2016|date=28 October 2015}}</ref>  The work recounts Sattouf's childhood growing up in [[France]], [[Libya]] and [[Syria]] in the 1970s, '80s, and '90s.<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine|last1=Shatz|first1=Adam|title=Drawing Blood|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/19/drawing-blood|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=4 February 2016|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> The first volume of ''L'Arabe du futur'' won the 2015 ''[[Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Best Album|Fauve d’Or]]'' prize for best graphic novel at the [[Angoulême International Comics Festival]].<ref name="France24">{{cite web|title=Comic books of childhood under Arab dictators grip France|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20150615-france-comic-book-graphic-novel-riad-sattouf-arab-future-childhood|website=[[France 24]]|access-date=4 February 2016|date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="TheNation">{{cite web|last1=Lindsey|first1=Ursula|title=The Future of the Arab|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/the-future-of-the-arab/|website=[[The Nation]]|access-date=4 February 2016|date=27 January 2016}}</ref>

Eventually another version was released which cut out some details but combined all 6 books into 1.

Sattouf's father influenced the title of the memoir through his ideal of raising his son as an "Arab of the future." Early in the story, the elder Sattouf proclaims, "I'd change everything among the Arabs. I'd force them to stop being bigots, to educate themselves, and to enter into the modern world. I'd be a good President."

Purposefully written from the perspective of a child, Sattouf employs simplistic yet comprehensive drawings that are more rudimentary than, yet not entirely dissimilar to, his other works such as ''[[La vie secrète des jeunes]]'', his column in the famous satirical French magazine ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2157088.La_vie_secr_te_des_jeunes|title=La vie secrète des jeunes|website=Goodreads|access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref>  Both ''The Arab of the Future'' and ''La Vie Secrète des Jeunes'' are written from Sattouf's point of view, with the former describing his childhood and the latter his daily observations as an adult. Although both appear [[autobiographical]], at least one reviewer calls into question elements of Sattouf's life story and family history.<ref name="New Yorker"/> In 2020, Sattouf announced the memoir's fifth volume was finished with only one extra volume pending before finalizing the saga.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=riadsattouf |number=1296116777680809989 |date = 19 August 2020 |title=Petit message pour toutes les lectrices et tous les lecteurs qui me posent si souvent la question Red heart #larabedufutur #larabedufutur5 #livre #love }}

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== Plot ==

=== Vol. 1: 1978–1984 ===

''The Arab of the Future'' begins in France, where Riad Sattouf is born in 1978. He describes himself as a "perfect" little boy with "platinum-blonde hair" and "bright puppy-dog eyes." Riad is the eldest son of Clémentine, a reserved French woman, and Abdul-Razak Sattouf, a flamboyant [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-Syrian man. They met when Clémentine took pity on Abdul-Razak's clueless failure to attract a friend of hers.

A major theme of the novel is how young Riad looks up to his father as a hero. Abdul-Razak, however, is portrayed as a complex character, being educated, ambitious and a loving father, yet also hypocritical, sexist, racist, and simultaneously authoritarian towards his wife and children yet almost infantile in his relationships with his mother and elder brother. Abdul-Razak appears particularly conflicted over religion; he prefers to describe himself as a secular modernizer (he drinks wine, eats pork, and does not pray) but he also exhorts his son to respect God and to learn to read the [[Qur'an]], seemingly motivated by the pressure of his conservative family and Syrian society.

With Clémentine transcribing his words and "rendering them intelligible," Abdul-Razak obtains a Ph.D. in history from the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]]. In 1980, he moves the family to Libya after accepting a job as an associate professor. (He is paid in US dollars, with the funds sent to an account in the [[Channel Islands]].)

Prime Minister [[Muammar Gaddafi]] has abolished private property, meaning all unoccupied housing is free for the taking. This causes the Sattouf family to lose their first residence when a policeman's family claims it. They are forced to move into a large apartment block described as a "ghetto for expatriates." Riad befriends with two neighbor children: Abani, an [[Indian people|Indian]] girl, and Adnan, a [[Yemen]]i boy. Despite his very young age, Riad observes the propaganda of the Gaddafi regime and frequent food scarcity and rationing. The family remains in Libya for two years, during which Riad's grandmother and uncle visit them from Syria. When Gaddafi's [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya#Name|state of the popular masses]] declares new laws requiring people of different social classes to swap occupations, Abdul-Razak fears losing his teaching job, and the family leaves Libya in 1982.

The family returns to France for a short period. Riad meets his recently divorced, womanizing maternal grandfather, then they stay with Riad's grandmother in [[Brittany]]. She teaches him about the family's history and her own physically abusive grandmother. She draws parallels between the rural France of the past, exemplified by her elderly neighbor who lives in extremely rustic conditions, and the developing Arab world of the modern era. Riad attends the local kindergarten, where he is praised for his drawings of French president [[Georges Pompidou]] and a sculpture of a bull. While in France, Clémentine gives birth to Riad's younger brother, Yahya.

Abdul-Razak obtains a teaching job in Syria and the family moves to his hometown [[Teir Maalah]], near [[Homs]]. Riad encounters severe bullying, in which two cousins accuse him of being Jewish and mercilessly torment him—seemingly because of his blond hair and foreign mother. The cousins' enmity appears to be entangled with a financial dispute between their father and Riad's father. Riad also witnesses strict segregation of genders and sects, media censorship, animal abuse, corruption, poor sanitation, and crippling poverty. Riad befriends Wael and Mohammad, two other cousins who teach him [[Languages of Syria|Syrian Arabic]]; they try to protect him from the two bullies, who are their uncles though around the same age. Riad observes the [[cult of personality]] surrounding [[Hafez al-Assad]], who he sees as more sinister than Libya's Gaddafi. Abdul-Razak wants Riad to begin school, but Clémentine fears he is too young—then forbids it entirely after witnessing a group of boys torture and kill a puppy for sport.

The Sattouf family returns suddenly to Brittany. Riad's grandmother has remarried and her new husband takes a liking to Riad. Riad is relieved and expects that the family will remain in France for good. The family travels to the [[Bailiwick of Jersey]] to retrieve Abdul-Razak's Libyan salary, in cash, from his offshore bank account. Riad becomes terrified when his father—who now has money to build his dream villa—makes plans to return to Syria, knowing that he will have to attend school there and face his bullies.

=== Vol. 2: 1984–1985 ===

The Sattouf family moves back to Teir Maalah in Syria, where Riad attends the local school. One of Abdul-Razak's cousins is a general in the Syrian army. He takes the Sattouf family to visit the ruins of [[Palmyra]]. Another cousin, Leila, is unmarried but becomes pregnant. When her father and brother find out, they kill her to preserve the family's honor. The killers are denounced to the police and imprisoned, but their sentence is later commuted and they are released after a few months.

=== Vol. 3: 1985–1987 ===

Abdul-Razak works as a professor in Syria. Among his students is one of the bodyguards of Hafez al-Assad. Abdul-Razak is torn between his desire to be an enlightened modern man and his loyalty to his conservative family. Clémentine and the children travel to Brittany for her to give birth to her third child, Fadi. After they return to Syria, Abdul-Razak has made his peace with his family. He agrees to have Riad circumcised. At the end of the book, he announces that he will begin a new job in [[Saudi Arabia]].

=== Vol. 4: 1987–1992 ===

Clémentine has refused to take the family to Saudi Arabia, so instead she and the children are living in Brittany without Abdul-Razak. At the end of the school term, he pays them a surprise visit and takes them on holiday to Syria. The following year, Clémentine and the children again spend the school year in Brittany, then join Abdul-Razak in Syria for the holidays. He has become a more devout muslim, and strongly disapproves of Clémentine's secular ideas. By the end of the volume, tensions between Clémentine and Abdul-Razak lead to their breakup. Abdul-Razak takes the family's savings and their youngest child Fadi to Syria, leaving Clémentine in Brittany with the two older children.

=== Vol. 5: 1992–1994 ===

Riad recounts his adolescent school years in [[Rennes]]. He begins to read more widely, including the novels of [[H. P. Lovecraft]], [[Allan Kardec]]'s writings on [[Kardecist spiritism|spiritism]], and classic French-language comic book authors [[Jean Giraud|Moebius]], [[Philippe Druillet]], and [[Enki Bilal]]. Clémentine is desperate to recover Fadi, but the French authorities are unable to help her because she is still married. By the end of the book she has secured a divorce and legal custody of the children, though Abdul-Razak is still appealing the decision. Abdul-Razak visits France, and by chance Clémentine's mother spots him in a bookshop. He agrees to meet Clémentine and the children, and after trying to persuade them to return with him to Syria, he agrees instead to bring Fadi back.

== Sensory symbolism ==
Sattouf employs a repeating pattern of [[Color psychology|color schemes]] throughout the comic. Basic line drawings are black and white, and a general color tint signifies the location of the events. Certain objects and speech bubbles have thematic coloring. Red is regularly applied to loud speech, danger and violence, while non-verbal noises (hisses and growls, for example) are green.

France is tinted light blue, and its art and media (such as radio, photographs and sculpture) are colored bright red. Libya's panels are tinted mustard yellow, while bright green is applied to TV broadcasts, loud noises, Libyan flags, portraits of Muammar Gaddafi and, of course, Gaddafi's manifesto ''[[The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)|The Green Book]]''. Syria is represented by light pink. Its electronic music and speech bubbles are green; red is applied to television and the speech of a mythical creature in a folktale. Finally, a short time spent on [[Jersey|the Bailiwick of Jersey]] is tinted light green.

[[Olfaction|Smell]] is also vividly represented throughout the novel. The young Riad associates new places and especially new people with their smells, ranging from perfume and incense to sweat, spoiled food, and flatulence. These odors tend to convey the quality of relationships, with Sattouf explaining, "the people whose odor I preferred were generally the ones who were the kindest to me. I find that’s still true today.”<ref name="New Yorker"/>

== Critical reception ==
''The Arab of the Future'' has received widespread critical acclaim and is considered an instant classic among graphic memoirs. The text of the first volume has been translated into sixteen languages,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Arab of the Future|last=Sattouf|first=Riad|publisher=Metropolitan Books|year=2015|isbn=978-1-62779-344-5|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/araboffuturegrap0000satt/page/ Back flap]|quote=The Arab of the Future, which has been translated into sixteen languages, is Sattouf's first work to appear in English|url=https://archive.org/details/araboffuturegrap0000satt/page/}}</ref> demonstrating its international appeal.

[[Michel Hazanavicius]], Academy Award-winning director of ''[[The Artist (film)|The Artist]],'' proclaims “Seriously funny and penetratingly honest, Riad Sattouf tells the epic story of his eccentric and troubled family. Written with tenderness, grace, and piercing clarity, ''The Arab of the Future'' is one of those books that transcend their form to become a literary masterpiece."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thearabofthefuture.com/#volume1|title=The Arab of the Future: A Graphic Memoir by Riad Sattouf|website=thearabofthefuture.com|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

''The New York Times'' described the graphic memory as, “Exquisitely illustrated, and filled with experiences of misfortune bordering on the farcical,… a disquieting yet essential read."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/books/review-new-novels-by-paul-murray-cesar-aira-and-others.html|title=New Novels by Paul Murray, César Aira and Others
|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Carmela Ciuraru|date=28 October 2015
|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref> Also writing for the ''Times'', [[Laila Lalami]] highlights the book's portrayal of Sattouf's father, and his gradual and uneven path from a young idealist to an authoritarian, yet impotent, hypocrite.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/18/books/review/the-arab-of-the-future-by-riad-sattouf.html|title='The Arab of the Future,' by Riad Sattouf|author=Laila Lalami|author-link=Laila Lalami|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 13, 2015}}</ref> Many reviewers note that, for all his faults, the elder Sattouf remains a compelling and interesting figure, with [[Adam Schatz]] writing for ''The New Yorker'': "For all his rants against Jews, Africans, and, above all, the Shia, [Abdel-Razak] remains strangely endearing, a kind of Arab [[Archie Bunker]]."<ref name="New Yorker"/>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://thearabofthefuture.com/ The Arab of the Future] website.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arab of the Future}}
[[Category:French graphic novels]]
[[Category:2015 graphic novels]]
[[Category:Autobiographical graphic novels]]
[[Category:Graphic novels set in France]]
[[Category:Comics set in Libya]]
[[Category:Comics set in Syria]]
[[Category:Graphic novels set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Graphic novels set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Graphic novels set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Graphic novels set in Africa]]
[[Category:Graphic novels set in Asia]]