View source for National Geographic

{{Short description|Monthly geography, history, nature, and science magazine}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = National Geographic
| logo = Natgeologo.svg
| image_file = National Geographic Magazine March 2017 Cover.jpg
| image_alt = March 2017 cover
| image_caption = March 2017 cover
| editor = Nathan Lump<ref name="NatGeo-Masthead" />
| frequency = Monthly
| total_circulation = 1.8 million (United States)<ref name="one-eight-million">{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=28 June 2023 |title=National Geographic lays off its last remaining staff writers |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2023/06/28/national-geographic-staff-writers-laid-off/ |access-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628224426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2023/06/28/national-geographic-staff-writers-laid-off/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| circulation_year = 2022
| category = [[Geography]], [[history]], [[nature]], [[science]], [[world culture]]
| company = {{ubl|NG Media|([[National Geographic Partners]]/|[[Disney Publishing Worldwide]])}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1888|1|13}}
| firstdate = {{start date and age|1888|9|22}}
| country = United States
| based = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| language = English and various other languages
| website = {{URL|nationalgeographic.com/magazine/}}
| issn = 0027-9358
| oclc = 643483454
}}

'''''National Geographic''''' (formerly '''''The National Geographic Magazine''''',<ref name="first-name" /> sometimes branded as '''''Nat Geo'''''<ref name="NatGeo" />) is an American monthly magazine published by [[National Geographic Partners]].<ref name="partners" /> <!-- History -->The magazine was founded in 1888 as a scholarly journal, nine months after the establishment of the society, but is now a popular magazine. In 1905, it began including pictures, a style for which it became well-known. Its first color photos appeared in the 1910s. During the [[Cold War]], the magazine committed itself to present a balanced view of the [[physical geography|physical]] and [[human geography]] of countries beyond the [[Iron Curtain]]. Later, the magazine became outspoken on [[Environmentalism|environmental issues]].

Until 2015, the magazine was completely owned and managed by the [[National Geographic Society]]. Since 2015, [[controlling interest]] has been held by National Geographic Partners.

<!-- Format -->Topics of features generally concern [[geography]], [[history]], [[nature]], [[science]], and [[world culture]]. The magazine is well known for its distinctive appearance: a thick square-bound glossy format with a yellow rectangular border. Map supplements from [[National Geographic Maps]] are included with subscriptions, and it is available in a traditional printed edition and an interactive online edition.

<!-- Circulation and awards -->{{As of|1995}}, the magazine was circulated worldwide in nearly forty local-language editions and had a global circulation of at least 6.5 million per month including 3.5 million within the U.S.,<ref name="fox-deal-1" /><ref name="fox-deal-2" /> down from about 12 million in the late 1980s. {{As of|2015}}, the magazine had won 25 [[National Magazine Awards]].<ref name="awards" />

In 2023, ''National Geographic'' laid off all staff writers and announced they would stop U.S. newsstand sales in the next year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Deepthi |date=2023-06-29 |title=National Geographic lays off all staff writers and will stop US newsstand sales |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/2023/06/29/national-geographic-lays-off-all-staff-writers-and-will-stop-us-newsstand-sales/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Clayton |first=Abené |date=2023-06-29 |title=National Geographic reportedly lays off its last staff writers |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/jun/28/national-geographic-staff-layoffs-report |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My new National Geographic just arrived, which includes my latest feature—my 16th, and my last as a senior writer. NatGeo is laying off all of its staff writers. I've been so lucky. I got to work w/incredible journalists and tell important, global stories. It's been an honor. |url=https://twitter.com/CraigAWelch/status/1674038159322275841 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

{{As of|2024|11}}, its [[Instagram]] page has 280 million followers, [[List of most-followed Instagram accounts|the third most]] of any account not belonging to an individual celebrity.<ref name="insta" /> The magazine's combined U.S. and international circulation as of June 30, 2024 was about 1.65 million, with its kids magazines separately achieving a circulation of about 500,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magazine media – Circulation averages |url=https://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp |access-date=August 20, 2024 |website=Alliance for Audited Media}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:The National Geographic Magazine Volume 1 Number 1 October 1888.jpg|thumb|upright|Front cover from the first edition of ''The National Geographic Magazine'', {{c.|September 1888}}]]

The first issue of the ''National Geographic Magazine'' was published on September 22, 1888, nine months after the Society was founded. In the first issue, Gardiner Greene Hubbard writes, {{Blockquote| text = The "National Geographic Society" has been organized to "increase and defuse geographic knowledge", and the publication of a Magazine has been determined upon as one means accomplishing these purposes.<ref name="first-issue-announcement" />}}
It was initially a scholarly journal sent to 165 charter members; in 2010, it reached the hands of 40 million people each month.<ref name="wired" /> Starting with its January 1905 publication of several full-page pictures of Tibet in 1900–01, the magazine began to transition from being a text-oriented publication to featuring extensive pictorial content. By 1908 more than half of the magazine's pages were photographs. The June 1985 cover portrait of a 12-year-old Afghan girl [[Sharbat Gula]], shot by photographer [[Steve McCurry]], became one of the magazine's most recognizable images.<ref name="npr" />

''[[National Geographic Kids]]'', the children's version of the magazine, was launched in 1975 under the name ''National Geographic World''.

At its peak in the late 1980s, the magazine had 12 million subscribers in the United States, and millions more outside of the U.S.<ref name="one-eight-million"/>

In the late 1990s, the magazine began publishing ''The Complete National Geographic'', an electronic collection of every past issue of the magazine. It was then sued over copyright of the magazine as a [[collective work (US)|collective work]] in ''[[Greenberg v. National Geographic]]'' and other cases, and temporarily withdrew the compilation. The magazine eventually prevailed in the dispute, and in July 2009 resumed publishing all past issues through December 2008. More recent issues were later added to the collection; the archive and electronic edition of the magazine are available online to the magazine's subscribers.<ref name="greenberg" />

In September 2015, the [[National Geographic Society]] moved the magazine to a new owner, National Geographic Partners, giving [[21st Century Fox]] a 73% [[controlling interest]]<ref name="parker" /> in exchange for $725 million. In December 2017, a deal was announced for [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] to [[Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney|acquire 21st Century Fox]], including the controlling interest in National Geographic Partners.<ref name="cnn" /> The acquisition was completed in March 2019.<ref name="Szalai" /> NG Media publishing unit was operationally transferred into [[Disney Publishing Worldwide]].<ref name="Steinberg" />

In September 2022, the magazine laid off six of its top editors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=2022-09-06 |title=National Geographic magazine lays off six of its top editors |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/09/05/national-geographic-magazine-editors-layoffs/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215080645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/09/05/national-geographic-magazine-editors-layoffs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2023, the magazine laid off all of its [[staff writer]]s, shifting to an entirely freelance-based writing model, and announced that beginning in 2024 it would no longer offer [[Newsagent's shop|newsstand]] purchases.<ref name="one-eight-million">{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=28 June 2023 |title=National Geographic lays off its last remaining staff writers |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2023/06/28/national-geographic-staff-writers-laid-off/ |access-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628224426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2023/06/28/national-geographic-staff-writers-laid-off/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Administration==

===Editors-in-chief===

The magazine had a single "editor" from 1888 to 1920. From 1920 to 1967, the chief editorship was held by the president of the [[National Geographic Society]]. Since 1967, the magazine has been overseen by its own "editor" and/or "editor-in-chief". The list of editors-in-chief includes three generations of the Grosvenor family between 1903 and 1980.<ref name="grosvenor" />
* [[Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor]] (1875–1966): (Editor-in-Chief: February 1903– January 1920; Managing Editor: September 1900 – February 1903; Assistant Editor: May 1899 – September 1900)
* [[John Oliver La Gorce]] (1879–1959): (May 1954 – January 1957) (president of the society at the same time)
* [[Melville Bell Grosvenor]] (1901–1982): (January 1957 – August 1967) (president of the society at the same time) (thereafter editor-in-chief to 1977)
* Frederick Vosburgh (1905–2005): (August 1967 – October 1970)
* [[Gilbert Melville Grosvenor]] (born 1931): (October 1970 – July 1980) (then became president of the society)
* Wilbur E. Garrett: (July 1980 – April 1990)
* William Graves: (April 1990 – December 1994)
* William L. Allen: (January 1995 – January 2005)
* [[Chris Johns (photographer)|Chris Johns]]: (January 2005 – April 2014) (first "editor-in-chief" since MBG)
* [[Susan Goldberg]]:  (April 2014 – April 2022)<ref name="NatGeo-Masthead"/><ref name="Bryan" /><ref name="evolution" />
* Nathan Lump: (May 2022 – present)<ref name="lump" />

==Articles==
[[File:The National Geographic Magaine - February 1910 Volume 21 Number 2.jpg|thumb|right|The first issue of ''The National Geographic Magazine'' featuring the [[oak]] leaf perimeter and yellow border. {{circa|February 1910}}]]

During the [[Cold War]], the magazine committed itself to present a balanced view of the [[physical geography|physical]] and [[human geography]] of countries beyond the [[Iron Curtain]].  The magazine printed articles on Berlin, [[Austrian State Treaty|de-occupied Austria]], the [[Soviet Union]], and Communist China that deliberately downplayed politics to focus on culture. In its coverage of the [[Space Race]], ''National Geographic'' focused on the scientific achievement while largely avoiding reference to the race's connection to nuclear arms buildup. There were also many articles in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s about the individual states and their resources, along with supplementary maps of each state. Many of these articles were written by longtime staff such as [[Frederick Simpich]].<ref name="completer" />

After 21st Century Fox acquired controlling interest in the magazine, articles became outspoken on topics such as [[Environmentalism|environmental issues]], [[deforestation]], [[chemical]] [[pollution]], [[global warming]], and [[endangered species]]. Series of articles were included focusing on the history and varied uses of specific products such as a single metal, gem, food crop, or agricultural product, or an archaeological discovery. Occasionally an entire month's issue would be devoted to a single country, past civilization, a natural resource whose future is endangered, or other themes. In recent decades, the National Geographic Society has unveiled [[National Geographic Society#Publications|other magazines]] with different focuses. Whereas the magazine featured lengthy expositions in the past, recent issues have included shorter articles.<ref name="abebooks" />

==Photography==
[[File:Taj Mahal 1921.JPG|thumb|Color photograph of the [[Taj Mahal]]. Source: ''The National Geographic Magazine'', March 1921]]

In addition to being well known for articles about scenery, history, and the most distant corners of the world, the magazine has been recognized for its book-like quality and the high standard of its photography. It was during the tenure of Society President [[Alexander Graham Bell]] and editor Gilbert H. Grosvenor (GHG) that the significance of illustration was first emphasized, in spite of criticism from some of the Board of Managers who considered the many illustrations an indicator of an "unscientific" conception of geography. By 1910, photographs had become the magazine's trademark and Grosvenor was constantly on the search for "dynamical pictures" as Graham Bell called them, particularly those that provided a sense of motion in a still image. In 1915, GHG began building the group of staff photographers and providing them with advanced tools including the latest darkroom.<ref name="father" />

The magazine began to feature some pages of [[color photography]] in the early 1930s, when this technology was still in its early development. During the mid-1930s, [[Luis Marden]] (1913–2003), a writer and photographer for ''National Geographic'', convinced the magazine to allow its photographers to use the so-called "miniature" 35&nbsp;mm Leica cameras loaded with [[Kodachrome]] film over bulkier cameras with heavy [[photographic plate|glass plates]] that required the use of [[Tripod (photography)|tripod]]s.<ref name="father" /> In 1959, the magazine started publishing small photographs on its covers, later becoming larger photographs.  National Geographic photography quickly shifted to digital photography for both its printed magazine and its website. In subsequent years, the cover, while keeping its yellow border, shed its oak leaf trim and bare table of contents, to allow for a full-page photograph taken for one of the month's articles. Issues of ''National Geographic'' are often kept by subscribers for years and re-sold at thrift stores as collectibles. The standard for photography has remained high over the subsequent decades and the magazine is still illustrated with some of the highest-quality [[photojournalism]] in the world.<ref name="Milestone-Photos" /> In 2006, ''National Geographic'' began an international photography competition, with over eighteen countries participating.<ref name="travel-photos" />

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Srirangam 1909.jpg|[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Temple]], India (''National Geographic Magazine'' November 1909)
File:Tajin1913.jpg|[[El Tajín#The Pyramid of the Niches|Pyramid of the Niches, El Tajín]] (''National Geographic Magazine'' February 1913)
File:ButterMakingPalestine1914.jpg|Traditional [[butter]] making in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] (''National Geographic Magazine'' March 1914)
File:Spanish Gypsy NGM-v31-p257.jpg|Spanish Gypsy (''National Geographic Magazine'' March 1917)
File:Kathmandu Market 1920.jpg|[[Kathmandu]] Market (''National Geographic Magazine'' October 1920)
File:Nat Geo Expedition to the north pole.jpg|A photo of a [[glacier]] taken on an expedition to the [[North Pole]] (''National Geographic Magazine'' January 1910)
</gallery>

==Map supplements==

{{Blockquote
| text = A map is the greatest of all epic poems. Its lines and colors show the realization of great dreams. |author=[[Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor|Gilbert H. Grosvenor]]<ref name="maps" />{{ref|noteF|f}}}}

Supplementing the articles, the magazine sometimes provides maps of the regions visited.<ref name="Micronesia" />
[[National Geographic Maps]] (originally the Cartographic Division) became a division of the National Geographic Society in 1915. The first supplement map, which appeared in the May 1918 issue of the magazine, titled ''The Western Theatre of War'', served as a reference for overseas military personnel and soldiers' families alike.<ref name="maps-news" /> On some occasions, the Society's map archives have been used by the United States government in instances where its own [[cartography|cartographic]] resources were limited.<ref name="GG" /> [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[White House]] map room was filled with National Geographic maps. A National Geographic map of Europe is featured in the displays of the [[Winston Churchill]] [[Churchill Museum and Cabinet War Rooms|museum]] in London showing Churchill's markings at the [[Yalta Conference]] where the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] leaders divided [[World War II|post-war]] Europe.<ref name="Apollo Strategic" />

In 2001, ''National Geographic'' released an eight-[[CD-ROM]] set containing all its maps from 1888 to December 2000. Printed versions are also available from the National Geographic website.<ref name="maps2" />

==Language editions==

===Active===
In April 1995, ''National Geographic'' began publishing in Japanese, its first local language edition.<ref name="Japanese" /> The magazine is currently published in 29 local editions around the world.<ref name="Around-World" /><ref name="completer" />

[[File:Eliza R. Scidmore Nat Geo Pic 1914.jpg|thumb|upright|''Eliza R. Scidmore'' was the first woman to photograph for The Magazine. [[Japanese people]]. 1914.]]
[[File:NationalGeographicLibrary.jpg|thumb|upright|National Geographic English editions from 2015]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="max-width:700px;"
|+ {{sronly|Active language editions}}
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | Language
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | Country
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | Website
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | Editor-in-chief
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | First issue
|-
| scope="row" |  [[English language|English]]
| [[United States]]
| [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine ngm.com]
| Nathan Lump
| {{right|{{sort|1888.10|October 1888}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[English language|English]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
| [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine ngm.com]
|
| {{right|{{sort|2018.01|January 2018}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| {{plainlist|
* [[United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Arab world]]
}}
| [http://www.ngalarabiya.com/ ngalarabiya.com]
| Hussain AlMoosawi
| {{right|{{sort|2010.10|October 2010}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.bg nationalgeographic.bg]
| Krassimir Drumev
| {{right|{{sort|2005.11|November 2005}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [[China|Chinese mainland]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20040924122207/http://nationalgeographic.com.cn/ nationalgeographic.com.cn]
| Tianrang Mai
| {{right|{{sort|2007.07|July 2007}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [[Taiwan]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20140118003915/http://www.ngtaiwan.com/ ngtaiwan.com]
| Yungshih Lee
| {{right|{{sort|2001.01|January 2001}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Czech language|Czech]]
| {{plainlist|
* [[Czech Republic]]
* [[Slovakia]]
}}
| [http://www.national-geographic.cz/ national-geographic.cz]
| Tomáš Tureček
| {{right|{{sort|2002.10|October 2002}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| {{plainlist|
* [[Netherlands]]
* [[Belgium]]
}}
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.nl/ nationalgeographic.nl]
| Robbert Vermue
| {{right|{{sort|2000.10|October 2000}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[French language|French]]
| {{plainlist|
* [[France]]
* [[Belgium]]
* [[Canada]]
* [[Luxembourg]]
* [[Switzerland]]
}}
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.fr/ nationalgeographic.fr]
| Catherine Ritchie
| {{right|{{sort|1999.10|October 1999}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
| [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.ge/ nationalgeographic.ge]
| Natia Khuluzauri
| {{right|{{sort|2012.10|October 2012}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[German language|German]]
| {{plainlist|
* [[Germany]]
* [[Austria]]
* [[Switzerland]]
}}
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.de/ nationalgeographic.de]
| Werner Siefer
| {{right|{{sort|1999.10|October 1999}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| [[Hungary]]
| [https://ng.hu/ ng.hu]
| Tamás Vitray
| {{right|{{sort|2003.03|March 2003}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
| [[Israel]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20130219090306/http://www.nationalgeographic.co.il/ nationalgeographic.co.il]
| Idit Elnatan
| {{right|{{sort|1998.06|June 1998}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| [http://nationalgeographic.grid.id/ nationalgeographic.grid.id]
| [[Didi Kasim|Didi Kaspi Kasim]]
| {{right|{{sort|2007.04|April 2005}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Italian language|Italian]]
| [[Italy]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.it/ nationalgeographic.it]
| Marco Cattaneo
| {{right|{{sort|1998.02|February 1998}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [[Japan]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.jp/ nationalgeographic.jp]
| Shigeo Otsuka
| {{right|{{sort|1995.04|April 1995}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.kz nationalgeographic.kz]
| Yerkin Zhakipov
| {{right|{{sort|2016.02|February 2016}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [[South Korea]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.co.kr/ nationalgeographic.co.kr]
| Junemo Kim
| {{right|{{sort|2000.01|January 2000}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
| [[Lithuania]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.lt/ nationalgeographic.lt]
| Frederikas Jansonas
| {{right|{{sort|2009.10|October 2009}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Polish language|Polish]]
| [[Poland]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.pl/ nationalgeographic.pl]
| Agnieszka Franus
| {{right|{{sort|1999.10|October 1999}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [[Portugal]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.pt/ nationalgeographic.pt]
| Gonçalo Pereira
| {{right|{{sort|2001.04|April 2001}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Slovene language|Slovene]]
| [[Slovenia]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.si/ nationalgeographic.si]
| Marija Javornik
| {{right|{{sort|2006.04|April 2006}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Latin America]]
| [https://www.nationalgeographicla.com/ nationalgeographicla.com]
| Alicia Guzmán
| {{right|{{sort|1997.11|November 1997}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Mexico]]
| [http://www.ngenespanol.com/ ngenespanol.com]
| Alicia Guzmán
| {{right|{{sort|2018.05|May 2018}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Spain]]
| [https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/ nationalgeographic.com.es]
| Gonçalo Pereira
| {{right|{{sort|1997.10|October 1997}}}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Thai language|Thai]]
| [[Thailand]]
| [http://www.ngthai.com/ ngthai.com]
| Kowit Phadungruangkij
| {{right|{{sort|2001.08|August 2001}}}}
|}

===Discontinued===
The following local-language editions have been discontinued.<ref name="completer" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:700px; max-width:700px;"
|+ {{sronly|Discontinued language editions}}
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | Language
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | Country
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | Website
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | First issue
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" | Last issue
! scope="col" style="background-color:#fbd42c;" width="25" | {{tooltip|#|Number of issues}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
| [[Mongolia]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20121002003351/http://nationalgeographic.mn/ nationalgeographic.mn]
| {{right|{{sort|2012.10|October 2012}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2014.06|June 2014}}}}
| {{center|21}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Greek language|Greek]]
| [[Greece]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/19981201075402/http://www.nationalgeographic.gr/ nationalgeographic.gr]
| {{right|{{sort|1998.10|October 1998}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2014.12|December 2014}}}}
| {{center|194}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| [[Ukraine]]
|
| {{plainlist |* {{right|{{sort|2013.04|April 2013}}}}
}}
| {{plainlist |
* {{right|{{sort|2015.01|January 2015}}}}
}}
| {{center|57}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160111084038/http://nationalgeographic.az/ nationalgeographic.az]
| {{right|{{sort|2014.09|September 2014}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2015.12|December 2015}}}}
| {{center|16}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Latvian language|Latvian]]
| [[Latvia]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20120929003046/http://www.nationalgeographic.lv/ nationalgeographic.lv]
| {{right|{{sort|2012.10|October 2012}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2016.03|March 2016}}}}
| {{center|42}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Farsi]]
| [[Iran]]
| [http://www.ngmfarsi.com/ www.ngmfarsi.com]
| {{plainlist|
* {{right|{{sort|2012.11|November 2012}}}}
* {{right|{{sort|2017.09|September 2017}}}}
* {{right|{{sort|2018.10|February 2018}}}}
}}
| {{plainlist|
* {{right|{{sort|2017.06|June 2017}}}}
* {{right|{{sort|2017.12|December 2017}}}}
* {{right|{{sort|2018.09|September 2018}}}}
}}
| {{center|69}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [[Brazil]]
| [https://www.nationalgeographicbrasil.com/revista nationalgeographicbrasil.com]
| {{right|{{sort|2000.05|May 2000}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2019.11|November 2019}}}}
| {{center|235}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Danish language|Danish]]
| [[Denmark]]
| [http://www.natgeo.dk/ natgeo.dk]
| {{right|{{sort|2000.09|September 2000}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2020.12|December 2020}}}}
| {{center|267}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| [[Norway]]
| [http://www.natgeo.no/ natgeo.no]
| {{right|{{sort|2000.09|September 2000}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2020.12|December 2020}}}}
| {{center|267}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| [[Sweden]]
| [http://www.natgeo.se/ natgeo.se]
| {{right|{{sort|2000.09|September 2000}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2020.12|December 2020}}}}
| {{center|267}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| [[Finland]]
| [http://www.natgeo.fi/ natgeo.fi]
| {{right|{{sort|2001.01|January 2001}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2020.12|December 2020}}}}
| {{center|263}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref name="romanian" />
| [[Romania]]
| [http://www.national-geographic.ro/ natgeo.ro]
| {{right|{{sort|2003.05|May 2003}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2021.12|December 2021}}}}
| {{center|224}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| [[Estonia]]
| [http://www.nationalgeographic.ee/ nationalgeographic.ee]
| {{right|{{sort|2011.10|October 2011}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2021.12|December 2021}}}}
| {{center|123}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[English language|English]]
| [[India]]
|
| {{right|{{sort|2013.08|August 2013}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2021.12|December 2021}}}}
| {{center|105}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Russian language|Russian]]
| [[Russia]]
| [http://www.nat-geo.ru/ nat-geo.ru]
| {{right|{{sort|2003.10|October 2003}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2022.04|April 2022}}}}
| {{center|259}}
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| [[Turkey]]
| [https://www.natgeotv.com/tr nationalgeographic.com.tr]
| {{right|{{sort|2001.05|May 2001}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2022.06|June 2022}}}}
| {{center|254}}
|-
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| [[Croatia]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20030815013105/http://www.nationalgeographic.com.hr/ nationalgeographic.com.hr]
| {{right|{{sort|2003.11|November 2003}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2023.1|January 2023}}}}
| {{center|230}}
|-
|-
| scope="row" |  [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| [[Serbia]]
| [https://nationalgeographic.rs/ nationalgeographic.rs/]
| {{right|{{sort|2006.11|November 2006}}}}
| {{right|{{sort|2023.12|December 2023}}}}
| {{center|206}}
|-
|}

[[File:FirstUkrNatGeo IMGP9989-1.jpg|thumb|First [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] ''National Geographic'' magazine presentation, 2013]]
In association with Trends Publications in [[Beijing]] and IDG Asia, ''National Geographic'' has been authorized for "copyright cooperation" in China to publish the yellow-border magazine, which launched with the July 2007 issue of the magazine with an event in Beijing on July 10, 2007, and another event on December 6, 2007, in Beijing also celebrating the 29th anniversary of normalization of U.S.–China relations featuring former President [[Jimmy Carter]]. The mainland China version is one of the two local-language editions that bump the ''National Geographic'' logo off its header in favor of a local-language logo; the other one is the [[Persian language|Persian]] version published under the name ''Gita Nama''.<ref name="wolf" />

Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the Russian version of ''National Geographic'' was discontinued effective April 2022. Its publication team then launched the ''Russian Traveler'', which is not associated with the ''National Geographic'' brand.<ref name="MK" /><ref name="Ministry of Economic Development" />

==Distribution==

In the United States, ''National Geographic'' is available only to subscribers beginning with the January 2024 issue. For the first 110 years of the magazine's existence, membership in the National Geographic Society was the only way to receive it.<ref name="encyclopedia-com" /> Newsstand sales, which began in 1998, ceased in 2023, following a year of layoffs and a shift in focus to digital formats amid the decline of the print media industry.<ref name="AP" /><ref name="NPR-2" />

Worldwide editions are sold on newsstands in addition to regular subscriptions. In several countries, such as Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Turkey and Ukraine, ''National Geographic'' paved the way for a subscription model in addition to traditional newsstand sales.

==Awards==
On May 1, 2008, ''National Geographic'' won three [[National Magazine Awards]]—an award solely for its written content—in the reporting category for an article by [[Peter Hessler]] on the [[Economy of China|Chinese economy]]; an award in the photojournalism category for work by [[John Stanmeyer]] on [[malaria]] in the [[Third World]]; and a prestigious award for general excellence.<ref name="Richard" />

Between 1980 and 2011, the magazine has won a total of 24 National Magazine Awards.<ref name="Magazine-Editors" />

In May 2006, 2007, and 2011, ''National Geographic'' magazine won the [[American Society of Magazine Editors]]' General Excellence Award in the over two million circulation category. In 2010, ''National Geographic Magazine'' received the top ASME awards for photojournalism and essay. In 2011, ''National Geographic Magazine'' received the top-award from ASME – the Magazine of the Year Award.

In April 2014, ''National Geographic'' received the National Magazine Award ("Ellie") for best tablet edition for its multimedia presentation of Robert Draper's story "The Last Chase", about the final days of a tornado researcher who was killed in the line of duty.<ref name="Wins" />

In February 2017, ''National Geographic'' received the National Magazine Award ("Ellie") for best website.<ref name="ELLIE" /> ''National Geographic'' won the 2020 Webby Award for News & Magazines in the category Apps, Mobile & Voice.<ref name="Kastrenakes" /> ''National Geographic'' won the [[2020 Webby Award|2020 Webby Award and Webby People's Voice Award for Magazine]] in the category Web.<ref name="Kastrenakes" />

==Controversies==
On the magazine's February 1982 cover, the [[pyramids of Giza]] were altered, resulting in the first major scandal of the digital photography age and contributing to photography's "waning credibility".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nGvTg_HC32YC&pg=PA21-IA10 "Faking it: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415053125/https://books.google.com/books?id=nGvTg_HC32YC&pg=PA21-IA10 |date=April 15, 2023 }}, Mia Fineman. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012. pp.&nbsp;38–39. Retrieved 28 Jan 2017.</ref>

The cover of the October 1988 issue featured a photo of a large ivory portrait of a male, whose authenticity, particularly the alleged [[ice age]] provenance, has been questioned.<ref name="Bahn" />

In 1999, the magazine was embroiled in the ''[[Archaeoraptor]]'' scandal, in which it purported to have a fossil linking birds to dinosaurs. The fossil was a forgery.<ref name="Ketcham" />

In 2010, the magazine's Your Shot competition was awarded to American filmmaker and photographer William Lascelles for a photograph presented as a portrait of a dog with fighter jets flying over its shoulder. Lascelles had in reality created the image using photo editing software.<ref name="Photo-Fraud" />

After the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]] in 2014, ''National Geographic'' published maps with the Crimean peninsula marked as "[[Political status of Crimea|contested]]", contrary to international norms.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Запорожье и Херсон – "спорные территории"? Откуда на европейских полках карты, какими их хотят видеть в Кремле |language=ru |work=BBC News Русская служба |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-66670561 |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-19 |title=Крым на картах мира: украинский или российский? |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ukraine_in_russian/2015/10/151019_ru_s_crimea_maps_geography_google |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=BBC News Україна |language=ru-UA}}</ref>

In March 2018, the editor of ''National Geographic'', [[Susan Goldberg]], said that historically the magazine's coverage of people around the world had been [[Racism|racist]]. Goldberg stated that the magazine ignored non-white Americans and showed different groups as exotic, thereby promoting racial clichés.<ref name="admits" />

==List of National Geographic milestones==

This is a '''list of''' '''''National Geographic''''' '''milestones''' featuring turning points in the magazine's history including [[writing]] and [[photography]] assignments, [[design]] aspects, [[cartography]] and sponsored [[Exploration|expeditions]].<ref name="bostonglobe" /><ref name="npr" /><ref name="smithsonian" />

{| class="wikitable" style="border:none;"
|+ style="text-align:left" | Key
|-
| style="background-color:#20c997;" | {{spaces|1}}
| [[#Writing and photography|Writing and photography]]
| style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" |
| style="background-color:#0dcaf0;" | {{spaces|1}}
| [[#Cartography|Cartography]]
| style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" |
| style="background-color:#dc3545;" | {{spaces|1}}
| [[#Sponsored expeditions|Sponsored expeditions]]
| style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" |
| style="background-color:#6f42c1;" | {{spaces|1}}
| [[#Design|Design]]
| style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" |
| style="background-color:#0d6efd;" | {{spaces|1}}
| [[#Social / other|Social / other]]
|}

===Writing and photography===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Writing and photography}}
|-
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="background-color:#20c997; color:#fff;" | Year
! scope="col" | Milestone
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{tooltip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1888
| style="width:135px;" | First publication
| The first issue of ''The National Geographic Magazine''{{ref|noteA|a}} was [[published]] in October 1888 for the cost of fifty [[Cent (currency)|cents]] ([[USD]]), with an introductory address by the [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the magazine, [[Gardiner Greene Hubbard|Gardiner G. Hubbard]].
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-issue" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1890
| First photograph of a natural scene
| The first photograph of a [[natural]] scene was that of [[Herald Island (Arctic)|Herald Island]] in the [[Arctic]], photographed by Assistant Paymaster ''J. Q. Lovell'' ([[USN]]) aboard the [[USS Thetis (1881)|USS Thetis]] in the July issue of 1890.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="natural-scene" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1908
| Photography
| More than half of the magazine's pages are photographs
| {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1914
| First color photograph
| The first [[color photograph]] to appear in the magazine ([[Autochrome]]) was in the July 1914 issue, that of a [[flower garden]] in [[Ghent|Ghent, Belgium]] photographed by Paul G. Guillumette.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-color-photo" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1914
| First article written by a female author
| The first article written by a woman was published in the July 1914 issue by [[Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore|Eliza R. Scidmore]], an account of [[Japan]]'s youth titled ''Young Japan''.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-female-write" />{{rp|36}}}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1914
| First photograph by a woman
| The first image photographed (only the second in color, the first being in the same issue) by a woman was in the July 1914 issue by Eliza R. Scidmore, that of a young [[Japanese people|Japanese]] boy gazing at a [[chicken]] and her newborn [[hatchlings]].
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-female-write"/>{{rp|54}}}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1926
| First natural photos underwater
| The first natural [[underwater photography|underwater photograph]] was published in the January 1927 issue depicting a [[Hogfish]] in the [[Florida Keys]]. The pictures were photographed by Charles Martin and [[William Harding Longley|W. H. Longley]].{{ref|noteE|e}}
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-underwater" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1930
| First natural-color [[Aerial photographs]]
| [[Melville Bell Grosvenor]] captures the first published natural-color [[aerial photographs]]. The photo was taken aboard a [[Detroit ZMC-2]] [[U.S. Navy]] [[airship]] and featured the [[Statue of Liberty]] in [[New York City]]. The publication was in the September 1930 issue of the magazine.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="online-safety" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1938
| Use of 35mm film
| The first use of [[135 film|35 mm film]], produced by [[Kodak]] under the brand [[Kodachrome]], was published in the April 1938 issue. The photographs were captured by Bob Moore, that of [[Austrians|Austrian]] dancers and would be the preferred [[film stock]] for decades.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="firsts" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1959
| First photo on the cover
| The first photograph on the [[magazine cover]] was on the July 1959 issue, a depiction of the 49-star [[flag of the United States]] after [[Alaska]]'s induction into the [[United States]], taken by [[B. Anthony Stewart]].
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-cover-photo" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1960
| 1,750,000 years old discovery
| [[Louis Leakey|Louis]] and [[Mary Leakey]] report on the discovery of ''[[Zinjanthropus]]'', a more than 1,750,000 years old man-like species in the [[Hominin]] family. Published in the September issue of the magazine.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="jstor" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1970
| Stronger photojournalism
| After [[astronauts]] took one of the first color full-disk photos of [[Earth]] from [[space]] in 1968, Gordon Young wrote an article highlighting the state of [[pollution]] on the planet. The article was published in the December 1970 issue, photographed by [[James P. Blair]] and marked a shift away from attractive photos and towards photo-journalistically stronger images.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="pollution" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1985
| Afghan Girl
| [[Steve McCurry]] took the photo that was featured on the June 1985 issue of the magazine, that of ''[[Afghan Girl]]'', a twelve year old [[Afghan refugees#Pakistan|Afghan refugee in Pakistan]] named [[Sharbat Gula]]. She had green eyes and her picture would become the most recognized photo from ''National Geographic''.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="huffpost" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="gula" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="june-85" />}}
}}

|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1985
| RMS ''Titanic''
| After the ''[[Titanic]]'' was found in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] by [[Robert Ballard]], he wrote the cover story for the December 1985 issue of the magazine titled "How we found the Titanic", documenting his experience.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="huffpost" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 2002
| ''Afghan Girl'' found
| Seventeen years after her portrait appeared on the cover, [[Sharbat Gula]], the ''[[Afghan Girl]]'', was found at the age of twenty nine in the mountains of [[Afghanistan]]. Her name was not known until this time.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="huffpost" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="gula2" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#20c997; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 2003
| First all digital photography in an article
| The first all-digital photography within an article was titled "The Future of Flying", published in the December 2003 issue by Michael Klesius and photographed by [[Joe McNally (photographer)|Joe McNally]]. The [[magazine cover|cover]] story showcased the [[F/A-22|F/A-22 Raptor]].
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="all-digital1" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="all-digital2" />}}
}}
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! style="font-weight:normal;" | YEAR
| MILESTONE
| NOTE
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name=" "/>}}
* {{center|<ref name=" "/>}}
}}
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|}

===Cartography===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Writing and photography}}
|-
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="background-color:#0dcaf0; color:#fff;" | Year
! scope="col" | Milestone
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{tooltip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#0dcaf0; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1889
| style="width:135px;" | First photograph and first map
| The first [[photograph]] was in the second ever published issue, depicting a [[Topographic map|topographic relief map]] of [[Africa]], in the April 1889 issue by [[Herbert Gouverneur Ogden|Herbert G. Ogden]].
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-photo" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#0dcaf0; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1889
| First fold out map
| The first fold-out map was published in the October 1889 issue depicting the Meadow Creek Mountains in [[Tennessee]] along the [[French Broad River]] to [[Asheville, North Carolina]].
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="nytimes-cdrom" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-fold-out" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#0dcaf0; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1890
| First map of a hurricane
| The first map of a [[hurricane]] was a [[drawing]] published in the May 1890 issue. It was a depiction of the September [[1888 Atlantic hurricane season|1888 Atlantic hurricanes]].{{ref|noteD|d}}
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="hurricane1" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="hurricane2" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#0dcaf0; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1891
| First color map
| The first color map was a reproduction of [[South America]] by [[Dodd, Mead & Co.|Dodd, Mead & Company, Publishers]].
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="color-map" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="maps" />}}
}}
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|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#0dcaf0; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | YEAR
| MILESTONE
| NOTE
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name=" "/>}}
* {{center|<ref name=" "/>}}
}}
-->
|}

===Sponsored expeditions===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Writing and photography}}
|-
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dc3545; color:#fff;" | Year
! scope="col" | Milestone
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{tooltip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#dc3545; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1890
| style="width:135px;" | First sponsored scientific expedition
| The first [[Sponsor (commercial)|sponsored]] scientific [[Exploration|expedition]] started in 1890 and was published in the July  1902 issue. The expedition was led by [[Geologist]] Dr. [[Israel Russell]] who [[surveyed]] and mapped the [[Mount Saint Elias]] region in North America. During the voyage, [[Canada]]'s highest peak, [[Mount Logan]] was discovered.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="martinique" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-expedition" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#dc3545; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1909
| Robert E. Peary discovers the North Pole
| In a society sponsored expedition to the [[North Pole]], explorer [[Robert Peary|Robert E. Peary]] was the first to discover the  region on April 6, 1909. The article featured accolades that were received and published in the January 1910 issue of the magazine.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="peary" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#dc3545; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1929
| First flight to the South Pole
| The first flight to the [[South Pole]] was a National Geographic Society{{ref|noteG|g}} sponsored expedition. On November 29, 1929 [[Richard E. Byrd]] flew over the South Pole photographing more than 60,000 square miles of [[Antarctica]] from the air, which was featured in the August 1930 issue of the magazine.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="byrd1" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="byrd2" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#dc3545; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1952
| First publication by underwater pioneer [[Jacques Cousteau]]
| The magazine publishes first of many undersea articles by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. The name of the article was called "Fish Men Explore a New World Underwater" and was published in the October issue of 1952.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="gale" />}}
}}

|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#dc3545; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1961
| [[Jane Goodall]]'s research on [[Chimpanzees]]
| Jane Goodall starts her expedition and research on chimpanzees in [[Tanzania|Tanzania, Africa]]'s Gombe Stream Park using funds from National Geographic.{{ref|noteG|g}} Her findings were published throughout the later half of the 20th century.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="goodall" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#dc3545; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1963
| First Americans conquer Mt. Everest
| In a National Geographic Society supported expedition{{ref|noteG|g}} [[mountaineer]] [[Jim Whittaker]], was the first American to conquer [[Mount Everest]]
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="huffpost" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="everest" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#dc3545; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1967
| [[Dian Fossey]] studies [[gorillas]]
| Dian Fossey begins a long-term Society-funded study of [[mountain gorillas]] in [[Rwanda|Rwanda, Africa]].
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="huffpost" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="fossey" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#dc3545; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1978
| Koko the gorilla learns sign-language
| [[American Sign Language|Sign-language]] skills of [[Koko (gorilla)|Koko]] the [[gorilla]], following six years of National Geographic Society-funded training by [[Francine Patterson]], was reported in the October 1978 issue of the magazine.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="koko" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#dc3545; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 2012
| James Cameron and the Mariana Trench
| [[James Cameron]], becomes first person to [[Underwater diving|dive]] solo to the [[Mariana Trench]] in the [[Deepsea Challenger]], a joint scientific expedition to conduct deep-ocean research.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="huffpost" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
}}
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* {{center|<ref name=" "/>}}
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|}

===Design===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Writing and photography}}
|-
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="background-color:#6f42c1; color:#fff;" | Year
! scope="col" | Milestone
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{tooltip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#6f42c1; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1896
| style="width:135px;" | Monthly magazine and design change
| In January 1896 the magazine started featuring titles of articles on the front [[magazine cover|cover]] and began publishing the magazine on a monthly basis.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="brandfolder" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="titles-cover" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#6f42c1; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1910
| Front cover design change
| In the February 1910 issue, the [[design]] of the front cover changed to a yellow [[oak]] leaf border [[illustration]] featuring a yellow border; with the exception of a few background color and [[font]] changes, this would be the primary design through June 1959.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="ucreative" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="design-change" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#6f42c1; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1959
| Small images on the front cover
| In the July 1959 issue, the magazine started including small photos on the front cover.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="npr" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="first-cover-photo" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#6f42c1; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1959
| Exclusion of the word "Magazine"
| In the December 1959 issue, the word "Magazine" was excluded from the title. In January and February 1960 the publication was called "''The National Geographic''". By March 1960 the name of the magazine was simply titled ''National Geographic''.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="magazine-drop" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="typesupply" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#6f42c1; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1962
| Large images on the front cover
| In the January 1962 issue, the magazine started including large photos, enveloping the entire cover.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="jan-62" />}}
}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#6f42c1; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1979
| No more oak leaf on the cover
| The September 1979 was the first time the magazine dropped the oak leaf border from the cover, making the yellow border more visibly noticeable.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="sept-79" />}}
}}
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|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#6f42c1; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | YEAR
| MILESTONE
| NOTE
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name=" "/>}}
* {{center|<ref name=" "/>}}
}}
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|}

===Social/other===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Writing and photography}}
|-
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="background-color:#0d6efd; color:#fff;" | Year
! scope="col" | Milestone
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{tooltip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background-color:#0d6efd; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1941
| Efforts of [[WWII]]
| National Geographic Society gives access of photographs, maps, and cartographic details to [[U.S. President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to help with the war efforts of WWII.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="national-archives" />}}
}}
|-
| style="background-color:#0d6efd; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1945
| Efforts of [[Korean War]]
| U.S. forces colonels [[Dean Rusk]] and [[Charles Bonesteel]] [[Division of Korea|partitioned the Korean peninsula along the 38th parallel]] with a National Geographic map.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/130805-korean-war-dmz-armistice-38-parallel-geography|title=National Geographic, Korea, and the 38th Parallel|website=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=August 4, 2013|access-date=September 27, 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color:#0d6efd; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1962
| The Society's [[flag]] in [[outer space|space]].
| [[John Glenn]] transports the National Geographic Society's flag on first U.S. orbital space flight aboard [[NASA]]'s [[Mercury-Atlas 6]].
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="space1" />}}
}}
|-
| style="background-color:#0d6efd; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1969
| The Society's [[flag]] on the [[moon]]
| [[Apollo 11]] [[astronauts]] transport the National Geographic Society's flag to the moon.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="smithsonian" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="huffpost" />}}
}}
|-
| style="background-color:#0d6efd; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 1996
| Website launch
| [https://www.nationalgeographic.com nationalgeographic.com] is launched on the [[World Wide Web]]
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="huffpost" />}}
}}
|-
| style="background-color:#0d6efd; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | 2018
| style="width:135px;" | Racism acknowledgment
| [[Editor-in-chief]] [[Susan Goldberg]] admitted publicly, "For decades, our coverage was racist. To rise above our past, we must acknowledge it".
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="race" />}}
* {{center|<ref name="newyorktimes1" />}}
}}
|-
| style="background-color:#0d6efd; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | 2023
| Discontinuance of newstand sales
| {{As of|June 2023}} parent company [[Disney]] announced that they will be discontinuing sales of their publication on [[newsstands]] in the United States.
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name="one-eight-million" />}}
}}
<!--
|-
| style="background-color:#0d6efd; border-right:none;" | {{spaces|1}}
! style="font-weight:normal;" | YEAR
| MILESTONE
| NOTE
| {{plainlist|
* {{center|<ref name=" "/>}}
* {{center|<ref name=" "/>}}
}}
-->
|}

==See also==
* ''[[National Geographic Kids]]''
* ''[[National Geographic Traveler]]''
* [[List of National Geographic cover stories|List of ''National Geographic'' cover stories]]

==Notes==
:a.{{note|noteA||''The National Geographic Magazine'' was the publication's name until December 1959, after which it was simply  called "National Geographic".<ref name="typesupply" />}}
:b.{{note|noteB||Photograph not credited in the magazine, but ''is'' at the preceding reference<ref name="stewart" />}}
:c.{{note|noteC||Multiple articles, multiple authors}}
:d.{{note|noteD||Uncredited image}}
:e.{{note|noteE||Two photographers credited, it is not stated which one took the photo}}
:f.{{note|noteF||{{Source-attribution}}}}
:g.{{note|noteG||As well as other sponsors}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="grosvenor">{{cite journal |last1=Grosvenor |first1=Gilbert M. |author-link=Gilbert M. Grosvenor |date=March 1988 |title=A Hundred Years of the National Geographic Society |journal=[[The Geographical Journal]] |volume=154 |issue=1 |pages=87–92 |doi=10.2307/633478 |access-date=April 20, 2023|url-access=subscription |publisher=[[Royal Geographical Society]] |jstor=633478 |bibcode=1988GeogJ.154...87G |publication-place=[[United Kingdom]] |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/633478 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604041419/https://www.jstor.org/stable/633478 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="first-cover-photo">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=July 1959 |last=Aikman |first=Lonnelle |title=New Stars for Old Glory |volume=116 |number=1 |page=86 |magazine=National Geographic |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1959-jul/flipbook/CV1/}} {{ref|noteB|b}}</ref>

<ref name="stewart">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers |title=July 1959-First Photograph Appears on the Cover |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402092731/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="first-issue">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=October 1888 |last=Hubbard |first=Gardiner G. |author-link=Gardiner Greene Hubbard |title=Introductory Address by the President |volume=1 |number=1 |page=3 |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1888-oct/flipbook/Ad5/}}</ref>

<ref name="first-issue-announcement">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=October 1888 |last=Hubbard |first=Gardiner G. |author-link=Gardiner Greene Hubbard |title=Announcement |volume=1 |number=1 |page=i |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1888-oct/flipbook/Ad3/}}</ref>

<ref name="typesupply">{{cite web |url=https://typesupply.com/portfolio/national-geographic-nameplate |title=National Geographic Nameplate |last=Leming |first=Tal |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=typesupply.com |access-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418192827/https://typesupply.com/portfolio/national-geographic-nameplate |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="npr">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2013/10/01/227871549/national-geographic-celebrates-125-years-of-photography |title='National Geographic' Celebrates 125 Years Of Photography |last=Dukehart |first=Coburn |date=October 1, 2013 |work=[[NPR]] |publication-place=[[Washington, D.C.]] |access-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131125/https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2013/10/01/227871549/national-geographic-celebrates-125-years-of-photography |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="first-photo">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=April 1889 |last=Ogden |first=Herbert G. |author-link=Herbert Gouverneur Ogden |title=Africa, Its Past and Future |volume=1 |number=2 |page=125 |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1889-apr/flipbook/124/}} Illustration by [[Herbert Gouverneur Ogden|Herbert G. Ogden]]</ref>

<ref name="first-fold-out">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=October 1889 |last=Willis |first=Bailey |author-link=Bailey Willis |title=Roundabout Asheville |volume=1 |number=4 |page=291 |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1889-oct/flipbook/290/}} Illustration by [[Herbert Gouverneur Ogden|Herbert G. Ogden]]</ref>

<ref name="nytimes-cdrom">{{cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=September 30, 1999 |title=National Geographic Maps |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/09/circuits/articles/30libe-ngeo.html |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423092335/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/09/circuits/articles/30libe-ngeo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="natural-scene">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=July 1890 |last=Stockton |first=Chas W. |title=The Arctic Cruise of the U.S.S. Thetis |volume=2 |number=3 |page=194 |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1890-jul/flipbook/194/}}</ref>`

<ref name="martinique">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1628081 |jstor=1628081 |title=Expedition to Martinique |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=1902 |volume=15 |issue=386 |pages=836–837 |doi=10.1126/science.15.386.836.b |s2cid=239849503 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221061551/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1628081 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="smithsonian">{{cite web |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/america%E2%80%99s-mailing-industry-industry-segments-magazine-publishers/national-geographic |title=National Geographic |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=National Postal Museum |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |publication-place=[[Washington, D.C.]] |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419072749/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/america%E2%80%99s-mailing-industry-industry-segments-magazine-publishers/national-geographic |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="first-expedition">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=July 1902 |last=Russell |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Russell |title=Martinique Number |volume=13 |number=7 |page=Cover |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1902-jul/flipbook/CV1/}} {{ref|noteC|c}}</ref>

<ref name="color-map">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=March 28, 1891 |last=Hubbard |first=Gardiner G. |author-link=Gardiner Greene Hubbard |title=South America. Annual Address by the President |volume=3 |number=1 |page=1 |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1891-mar-28/flipbook/Ad1/}}</ref>

<ref name="hurricane1">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=July 1890 |last=Hayden |first=Everett |title=The Law of Storms, Considered with Special Reference to the North Atlantic |volume=2 |number=3 |page=208 |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1890-jul/flipbook/208/}}</ref>

<ref name="hurricane2">{{cite web |url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/first-maps/ |title=First Maps |last=Dempsey |first=Caitlin |date=March 9, 2022 |website=geographyrealm.com |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419094656/https://www.geographyrealm.com/first-maps/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="first-underwater">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=January 1927 |last1=Martin |first1=Charles |last2=Longley |first2=W. H. |author-link2=William Harding Longley |title=The First Autochromes From the Ocean Bottom |volume=51 |number=1 |page=56 |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1927-jan/flipbook/56/}}</ref>

<ref name="brandfolder">{{cite web |url=https://brandfolder.com/interviews/national-geographic/ |title=Evolving one of the world's most iconic, recognizable brands: National Geographic |last=Beatty |first=Luke |date=January 2018 |website=brandfolder.com |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162359/https://brandfolder.com/interviews/national-geographic |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="titles-cover">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=January 1896 |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=The National Geographic Magazine |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=7 |number=1 |page=Cover |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1896-jan/flipbook/CV1/}} {{ref|noteC|c}}</ref>

<ref name="design-change">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=February 1910 |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=The National Geographic Magazine |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=21 |number=2 |page=Cover |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1910-feb/flipbook/CV1/}} {{ref|noteC|c}}</ref>

<ref name="first-female-write">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=July 1914 |last=Scidmore |first=Eliza R. |author-link=Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore |title=Young Japan |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=26 |number=1 |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1914-jul/flipbook/36/}}</ref>

<ref name="first-color-photo">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=July 1914 |last=Howard |first=L. O. |author-link=Leland Ossian Howard |title=Explorers of a New Kind |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=26 |number=1 |page=48 |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1914-jul/flipbook/48/}}</ref>

<ref name="ucreative">{{cite web |url=https://www.ucreative.com/articles/you-be-inspired-design-evolution-of-national-geographic-magazine-covers/ |title=National Geographic |last=Rosanes |first=Kerby |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucreative.com |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419173230/https://www.ucreative.com/articles/you-be-inspired-design-evolution-of-national-geographic-magazine-covers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="peary">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=January 1910 |author=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |title=Discovery of the North Pole |magazine=[[The National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=21 |number=1 |page=63 |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1910-jan/flipbook/62/}}</ref>

<ref name="magazine-drop">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=December 1959 |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=National Geographic |magazine=National Geographic |volume=116 |number=6 |page=Cover |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1959-dec/flipbook/CV1/}} {{ref|noteC|c}}</ref>

<ref name="race">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/from-the-editor-race-racism-history |title=For Decades, Our Coverage Was Racist. To Rise Above Our Past, We Must Acknowledge It |last=Goldberg |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Goldberg |date=March 12, 2018 |website=nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421074514/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/from-the-editor-race-racism-history |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="newyorktimes1">{{cite news |last=Daniel |first=Victor |date=March 13, 2018 |title=National Geographic Acknowledges Its Racist Past Coverage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/13/business/media/national-geographic-race.html |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-date=December 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221133400/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/13/business/media/national-geographic-race.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="bostonglobe">{{cite news |last=Braverman |first=Sandra |date=September 23, 1990 |page=West 9 |title=A Photographic Odyssey |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/439418399/ |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |publication-place=[[Boston]] |access-date=April 22, 2023 |via=[[newspapers.com]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422074036/https://www.newspapers.com/image/439418399/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="firsts">{{cite web |url=https://fieldnotes.nationalgeographic.org/expedition/archive |title=Firsts and Frontiers |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 23, 2018 |website=fieldnotes.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423042011/https://fieldnotes.nationalgeographic.org/expedition/archive |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="byrd1">{{cite magazine |last=Byrd |first=Richard Evelyn |author-link=Richard E. Byrd |date=August 1930 |title=The Conquest of Antarctica by Air |volume=58 |number=2 |page=127 |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1930-aug/flipbook/Ad17/ |url-access=subscription |magazine=National Geographic}}</ref>

<ref name="byrd2">{{cite web |url=https://www.admiralbyrd.com/2nd-byrd-antarctic-expedition-1933-34.html |title=Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition |last=Breyer |first=Robert Byrd |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=admiralbyrd.com |access-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423060743/https://www.admiralbyrd.com/2nd-byrd-antarctic-expedition-1933-34.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="all-digital1">{{cite web |url-access=limited |url=https://www.digitalphotopro.com/profiles/master-storyteller-photographer-joe-mcnally/ |title=Master Storyteller: Photographer Joe McNally |last=Harris |first=Mark Edward |date=April 4, 2019 |website=digitalphotopro.com |publisher=Digital Photo Pro |access-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424110731/https://www.digitalphotopro.com/profiles/master-storyteller-photographer-joe-mcnally/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="all-digital2">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=December 2003 |last=Klesius |first=Michael |title=The Future of Flying |magazine=National Geographic |volume=204 |number=6 |page=2 |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/2003-dec/flipbook/2/}}</ref>

<ref name="pollution">{{cite magazine |url-access=subscription |date=December 1970 |last=Young |first=Gordon |title=Pollution, Threat to Man's Only Home |magazine=National Geographic |volume=138 |number=6 |page=738 |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1970-dec/flipbook/738/}}</ref>

<ref name="maps">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps/article/about-maps |title=About National Geographic Maps |last=Valdés |first=Juan José |date=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=May 31, 2023 |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531074107/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps/article/about-maps |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="online-safety">{{cite web |url=https://www.onlinesafetytrainer.com/a-biography-of-melville-bell-grosvenor/ |title=A Biography of Melville Bell Grosvenor |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=onlinesafetytrainer.com |publisher=Nevada Technical Associates, Inc. |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602091140/https://www.onlinesafetytrainer.com/a-biography-of-melville-bell-grosvenor/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="national-archives">{{cite web |url=https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2017/10/19/fdrs-white-house-map-room/ |title=FDR's White House Map Room |last=Kratz |first=Jessie |date=October 19, 2017 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602092104/https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2017/10/19/fdrs-white-house-map-room/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="gale">{{cite journal |last=LaRochelle |first=Ed |date= |title=How the Public Came to Embrace Scuba Diving in the 1950s |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48356051&site=ehost-live |journal=Journal of Diving History |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=30–32 |issn=1946-4770 |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629182056/https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48356051&site=ehost-live |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="jstor">{{cite journal |url-access=subscription |last1=Onyango-Abuje |first1=J. C. |year=1975 |title=L.S.B. Leakey: The man and his contribution to the understanding of the evolution of man in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43663913 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research & Development |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=123–136 |doi= |jstor=43663913 |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602131459/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43663913 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="goodall">{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=ML |last2=Lonsdorf |first2=EV |last3=Mjungu |first3=DC |last4=Kamenya |first4=S |last5=Kimaro |first5=EW |last6=Collins |first6=DA |last7=Gillespie |first7=TR |last8=Travis |first8=DA |last9=Lipende |first9=I |last10=Mwacha |first10=D |last11=Ndimuligo |first11=SA |last12=Pintea |first12=L |last13=Raphael |first13=J |last14=Mtiti |first14=ER |last15=Hahn |first15=BH |last16=Pusey |first16=AE |date=December 12, 2020 |title=Goodall J. Research and Conservation in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem: Challenges and Opportunities |journal=[[Biological Conservation (journal)|Biological Conservation]] |publisher=[[Conservation biology]] |volume=252 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108853 |pmid=33343005 |s2cid=228875021 |display-authors=3|pmc=7743041 }}</ref>

<ref name="space1">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/nat-geo-at-125-travel-firsts |title=Nat Geo at 125: Travel Touchstones |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602230948/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/nat-geo-at-125-travel-firsts |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="huffpost">{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/01/13/national-geographic-125th-anniversary_n_2467070.html |title=National Geographic Society Celebrates 125 Years Of World Exploration And Stunning Photography |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=huffingtonpost.co.uk.com |publisher=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602231727/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/01/13/national-geographic-125th-anniversary_n_2467070.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="jan-62">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Various titles |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1962-jan/flipbook/CV1/ |magazine=National Geographic |url-access=subscription |date=January 1962 |volume=121 |number=1 |page=Cover}}</ref>

<ref name="sept-79">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Various titles |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1979-sep/flipbook/CV1/ |magazine=National Geographic |url-access=subscription |date=September 1979 |volume=156 |number=3 |page=Cover}}</ref>

<ref name="everest">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/jim-whittaker?loggedin=true&rnd=1685834446038 |title=1963 American Summit: Jim Whittaker – Back on Earth |last=Shnayerson |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Shnayerson |date=March 15, 2012 |website=nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603232815/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/jim-whittaker?loggedin=true&rnd=1685834446038 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="fossey">{{cite web |url=https://gorillafund.org/who-we-are/dian-fossey/dian-fossey-bio/ |title=Dian Fossey Biography |publisher=[[Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International]] |access-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604001220/https://gorillafund.org/who-we-are/dian-fossey/dian-fossey-bio/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="koko">{{cite magazine |last=Patterson |first=Francine |author-link=Francine Patterson |date=October 1978 |title=Conversations with a Gorilla |url-access=subscription |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1978-oct/flipbook/438/ |magazine=National Geographic |volume=154 |number=4 |page=438}}</ref>

<ref name="june-85">{{cite magazine |date=June 1985 |last=Denker |first=Debra |title=Along Afghanistan's War-torn Frontier |volume=167 |number=6 |page=772 |magazine=National Geographic |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1985-jun/flipbook/CV1/ |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

<ref name="gula">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/afghan-girl-home-afghanistan |title=Famed 'Afghan Girl' Finally Gets a Home |last=Strochlic |first=Nina |date=December 12, 2017 |website=nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604021104/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/afghan-girl-home-afghanistan |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="gula2">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/world/europe/afghan-girl-national-geographic.html |title=Famed 'Afghan Girl' Finally Gets a Home |last=Gross |first=Jenny |date=November 26, 2021 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212002315/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/world/europe/afghan-girl-national-geographic.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="NatGeo-Masthead">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/masthead |title=Masthead: National Geographic Magazine |date=July 27, 2022 <!-- No date available; last modification date used. --> |work=National Geographic |author1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all |access-date=August 9, 2022 |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809133412/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/masthead}}</ref>

<!--<ref name="C4WDefault-6528755">{{cite web |url=http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp |title=AAM: Total Circ for Consumer Magazines |date=December 31, 2013 |work=[[Alliance for Audited Media]] |access-date=April 18, 2014 |author=Staff writer(s); no by-line.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418200356/http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>  -->

<ref name="first-name">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s);--> |title=The National Geographic Magazine |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1888-oct/flipbook/CV1/ |magazine=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |location=[[Washington D.C.]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=October 1888 |access-date=15 March 2023 |volume=1 |number=1 |page=Front cover}}</ref>

<ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web |url=https://brandfolder.com/interviews/national-geographic/ |title=Evolving one of the world's most iconic, recognizable brands: National Geographic |last=Beatty |first=Luke |date=January 2018 |website=brandfolder.com |access-date=15 March 2023 |quote=Our formal brand name is National Geographic and that is what we use. Of course, we recognize that a lot of our consumers call us "Nat Geo," and that's fine. We use "Nat Geo" primarily in the digital space, where character count is at a premium. |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315215502/https://brandfolder.com/interviews/national-geographic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="partners">{{cite encyclopedia |title=National Geographic Magazine |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |date=March 28, 2020 |author=<!--Not stated--> |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Geographic-Magazine |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="fox-deal-1">{{cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=September 9, 2014 |title=National Geographic gives Fox control of media assets in $725 million deal |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/national-geographic-magazine-shifts-to-for-profit-status-with-fox-partnership/2015/09/09/7c9f034e-56f0-11e5-8bb1-b488d231bba2_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=Washington, DC |access-date=July 8, 2016 |archive-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515065947/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/national-geographic-magazine-shifts-to-for-profit-status-with-fox-partnership/2015/09/09/7c9f034e-56f0-11e5-8bb1-b488d231bba2_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="fox-deal-2">{{cite web |url=http://press.nationalgeographic.com/boilerplates/ |title=National Geographic Boilerplates |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=April 2015 |website=National Geographic Press Room |publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=July 8, 2016 |quote=Published in English and nearly 40 local-language editions, National Geographic magazine has a global circulation of around 6.7 million. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110424/http://press.nationalgeographic.com/boilerplates/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="insta">{{cite news|title=Top 100 Instagrammers|url=https://socialbook.io/instagram-channel-rank/top-100-instagrammers|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=May 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516083250/https://socialbook.io/instagram-channel-rank/top-100-instagrammers|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="awards">{{Cite web|last=Howard|first=Brian Clark|date=2015-02-03|title=National Geographic Wins National Magazine Awards|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/150202-national-magazine-awards-wins|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-11-19|website=National Geographic|language=en|archive-date=November 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119232240/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/150202-national-magazine-awards-wins}}</ref>

<ref name="wired">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/01/0127national-geographic-society-founded/ |title=Jan. 27, 1888: National Geographic Society Gets Going |author=amyatwired |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=January 27, 2010 |access-date=2017-09-08 |archive-date=October 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113205/https://www.wired.com/2010/01/0127national-geographic-society-founded/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="greenberg">{{cite web|title=Greenberg v. National Geographic Enterprises Inc.|url=http://www.apa.org/about/offices/ogc/amicus/greenberg.aspx|work=[[American Psychological Association]]|access-date=June 2, 2023|archive-date=January 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108034402/http://www.apa.org/about/offices/ogc/amicus/greenberg.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="parker">{{cite web |last=Parker |first=Laura |title=National Geographic and 21st Century Fox Expand Media Partnership |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150909-21st-century-fox-media-partnership/ |access-date=9 September 2015 |date=2015-09-09 |archive-date=July 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713195818/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150909-21st-century-fox-media-partnership/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="cnn">{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/12/14/media/disney-fox/index.html |title=Disney buys 21st Century Fox: Who gets what |last=Goldman |first=David |date=2017-12-14 |work=[[CNNMoney]] |access-date=2017-12-14 |archive-date=December 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214130140/http://money.cnn.com/2017/12/14/media/disney-fox/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Szalai">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-closes-fox-deal-creating-global-content-powerhouse-1174498 |title=Disney Closes $71.3 Billion Fox Deal, Creating Global Content Powerhouse |last1=Szalai |first1=Georg |last2=Bond |first2=Paul |date=March 20, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320064742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-closes-fox-deal-creating-global-content-powerhouse-1174498 |archive-date=March 20, 2019 |access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Steinberg">{{cite news |last1=Steinberg |first1=Brian |title=Disney Layoffs Affect National Geographic |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/disney-layoffs-national-geographic-1203318735/ |access-date=November 13, 2019 |work=Variety |date=August 29, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111094149/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/disney-layoffs-national-geographic-1203318735/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bryan">{{cite book |last=Bryan |first=C.D.B |author-link= |year=1997 |title=The National Geographic Society, 100 Years of Adventure and Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynQnAQAAIAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |location=[[New York, New York]] |publisher=Abrams Inc. |isbn=978-0-81093-696-6 |access-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629183050/https://books.google.com/books?id=ynQnAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="evolution">{{cite web|url=http://press.nationalgeographic.com/files/2012/05/NGM-History-10-12.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114185913/http://press.nationalgeographic.com/files/2012/05/NGM-History-10-12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |title=Evolution of National Geographic Magazine |access-date=2014-07-13}}</ref>

<ref name="lump">{{cite web |url=https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/2022/05/national-geographic-announces-nathan-lump-as-editor-in-chief/ |title=National Geographic announces Nathan Lump as Editor In Chief |date=May 5, 2022 |access-date=2022-06-01 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629183053/https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/2022/05/national-geographic-announces-nathan-lump-as-editor-in-chief/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="abebooks">{{cite web |url=https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30386691904 |title=National Geographic, Volume 8, No. 4, 2002; Official Journal of the National Geographic Society |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2002 |website=abebooks.com |publisher=Nikkei National Geographic Inc |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602084234/https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30386691904 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="completer">{{cite book |author=<!--Various authors--> |year=2008 |title=The Complete National Geographic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZxZXwAACAAJ |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |isbn=978-1-4262-9635-2 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629183052/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZxZXwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="father">{{cite web |url=https://www.cosmosclub.org/web/journals/1998/wentzel.html |title=GILBERT HOVEY GROSVENOR, FATHER OF PHOTOJOURNALISM |last=Wentzel |first=Volmar K |date=1998 |website=Cosmos Club |access-date=January 18, 2015 |quote=Photographs had unquestionably become the Magazine's trademark. They confirmed GHG's conviction, "If the National Geographic Magazine is to progress, it must constantly improve the quality of its illustrations..." At first he borrowed, then bought and probably would have stolen "dynamical" photographs, if in 1915 he had not engaged Franklin L. Fisher as his Chief of Illustrations. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224164240/http://www.cosmosclub.org/web/journals/1998/wentzel.html |archive-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="Milestone-Photos">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/125/photo-galleries/ |title=Milestone Photos |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2013 |website=Photo Galleries Celebrating 125 Years |publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=January 18, 2016 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629183055/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="travel-photos">{{cite web |title=Named The Best Travel Photos Of The Year, And They Are Stunning |date=June 28, 2018 |url=http://digg.com/2018/nat-geo-travel-photo-contest-winner |publisher=Digg.com |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629183053/https://digg.com/2018/nat-geo-travel-photo-contest-winner |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Micronesia">{{cite magazine |date=May 1967 |last=Boyer |first=David S. |title=Micronesia-The Americanization of Eden |volume=131 |number=5 |page=714 |magazine=National Geographic |url=https://archive.nationalgeographic.com/national-geographic/1967-may/flipbook/CV1/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="maps-news">{{cite web |url=http://natgeomaps.blogspot.com/2009/12/maps-of-news-december-2009-edition.html |title=Maps of the News |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=December 2009 |website= |publisher= |access-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708054416/http://natgeomaps.blogspot.com/2009/12/maps-of-news-december-2009-edition.html |archive-date=July 8, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="GG">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be1VtwAACAAJ |publisher=National Geographic Society. |location=Washington, D.C. |title=Map Services of the National Geographic Society |year=1950 |first=Gilbert M. |last=Grosvenor |author-link=Gilbert M. Grosvenor |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=<!--None--> |access-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629184554/https://books.google.com/books?id=Be1VtwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Apollo Strategic">{{cite web |url=https://apollostrategiccomms.com/2011/12/national-geographic/ |title=National Geographic |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=apollostrategiccomms.com |publisher=Apollo Strategic communications agency |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602074729/https://apollostrategiccomms.com/2011/12/national-geographic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="maps2">{{Cite web| url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps| title=Maps| website=nationalgeographic.com| publisher=National Geographic| access-date=October 8, 2022| archive-date=June 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629184556/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps| url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Japanese">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=National Geographic Japanese Edition |date=April 1995 |url=https://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/ad/en/printmedia/life/ngj/ |website=nikkeibp.co.jp |access-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604092014/https://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/ad/en/printmedia/life/ngj/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Around-World">{{Cite web|url = https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/2021/02/february-magazine-covers-from-around-the-world/|title = February Magazine Covers from Around the World|date = February 16, 2021|access-date = April 2, 2021|archive-date = April 17, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174745/https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/2021/02/february-magazine-covers-from-around-the-world/|url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="wolf">{{cite magazine |author=wolf.admin |date=August 15, 2022 |title=National Geographic Magazine: History |url=https://wolfmagazine.co.uk/national-geographic-magazine/ |magazine=[[The Wolf (magazine)|The Wolf]] |location=[[U.K.]] |access-date=June 2, 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="MK">{{Cite web|url = https://www.mk.ru/politics/2022/04/14/russkoyazychnyy-sayt-national-geographic-obyavil-o-zakrytii.html|title = Russian-language website National Geographic announces closure|date = April 14, 2022|access-date = April 10, 2024|archive-date = April 10, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240410031638/https://www.mk.ru/politics/2022/04/14/russkoyazychnyy-sayt-national-geographic-obyavil-o-zakrytii.html}}</ref>

<ref name="Ministry of Economic Development">{{Cite web|url = https://en.economy.gov.ru/material/news/40_tourism_industry_representatives_presented_with_the_all_russian_tourist_award_russian_traveler_awards_2022.html|title = 40 tourism industry representatives presented with the All-Russian tourist award Russian Traveler Awards 2022|date = December 5, 2022|access-date = April 10, 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="encyclopedia-com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=National Geographic Society |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |date=June 11, 2018 |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Cengage]] |location=[[Boston]] |id= |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/national-geographic-society |access-date=June 2, 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="AP">{{Cite web|url = https://apnews.com/article/national-geographic-layoffs-newsstand-e114363d6abb3568e02df42e14fb81b4|title = National Geographic will end newsstand sales of magazine next year, focus on subscriptions, digital| website=[[Associated Press News]] |date = June 30, 2023|access-date = April 10, 2024|archive-date = April 10, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240410034053/https://apnews.com/article/national-geographic-layoffs-newsstand-e114363d6abb3568e02df42e14fb81b4}}</ref>

<ref name="NPR-2">{{Cite web|url = https://www.npr.org/2023/12/21/1220850633/national-geographic-will-stop-selling-its-regular-printed-issues-on-newsstands|title = National Geographic will stop selling its regular printed issues on newsstands| website=[[NPR]] |date = December 21, 2023|access-date = April 10, 2024|archive-date = April 10, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240410033707/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/21/1220850633/national-geographic-will-stop-selling-its-regular-printed-issues-on-newsstands}}</ref>

<ref name="Richard">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/02/business/media/02mag.html |title=National Geographic Wins 3 Awards, Honored Beyond Photography |last=Pérez-Peña |first=Richard |date=May 2, 2008 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=January 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701032520/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/02/business/media/02mag.html |archive-date=July 1, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Magazine-Editors">{{cite web |url=http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/searchable_database/index.aspx |title=American Society of Magazine Editors database |work=Magazine.org |access-date=2014-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526232156/http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/searchable_database/index.aspx |archive-date=May 26, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Wins">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140501-national-magazine-awards-winners/ |title=National Geographic Wins National Magazine Awards |last=Howard |first=Brian Clark |date=May 1, 2014 |website=NGS |publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=January 18, 2016 |quote=The annual National Magazine Awards are considered the premier awards for magazine journalism and are administered by the American Society of Magazine Editors in association with the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Winners were announced at a dinner in New York. |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629184600/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="ELLIE">{{Cite web|url=http://www.magazine.org/industry-news/press-releases/asme-press-releases/asme/ellie-awards-2017-winners-announced|title=Ellie Awards 2017 Winners Announced {{!}} ASME|website=www.magazine.org|access-date=2017-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308050213/http://www.magazine.org/industry-news/press-releases/asme-press-releases/asme/ellie-awards-2017-winners-announced|archive-date=March 8, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> National Geographic won the 2020 Webby Award for News & Magazines in the category Apps, Mobile & Voice.<ref name="Kastrenakes">{{cite web |last1=Kastrenakes |first1=Jacob |title=Here are all the winners of the 2020 Webby Awards |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21263445/2020-webby-awards-winners-lil-nas-x-nasa-jon-krasinski |website=The Verge |access-date=22 May 2020 |language=en |date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521205535/https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21263445/2020-webby-awards-winners-lil-nas-x-nasa-jon-krasinski |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bahn">{{cite book| author =Paul G. Bahn| title =The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art| publisher =Cambridge University Press| year =1998| page =[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00bahn_0/page/154 154]| isbn =978-0521454735| url-access =registration| url =https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00bahn_0/page/154}}</ref>

<ref name="Ketcham">{{Cite journal |last1=Rowe |first1=Timothy |last2=Ketcham |first2=Richard A. |last3=Denison |first3=Cambria |last4=Colbert |first4=Matthew |last5=Xu |first5=Xing |last6=Currie |first6=Philip J. |date=March 29, 2001 |title=The Archaeoraptor forgery |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35069145 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=410 |issue=6828 |pages=539–540 |doi=10.1038/35069145 |pmid=11279483 |s2cid=205015615 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-date=December 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226013529/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v410/n6828/full/410539b0.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="admits">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-43384747|title=National Geographic admits 'racist' past|date=2018-03-13|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en-GB|archive-date=April 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416205656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-43384747|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Photo-Fraud">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/natgeo-cops-to-recent-photo-fraud-plus-10-major-photoshopping-scandals-2010-6 |title=National Geographic Admits Photo Fraud (Plus: 10 Major Photoshopping Scandals) |last=Jedrzejczak |first=Antonina |date=June 11, 2010 |website=businessinsider.com |publisher= |access-date=January 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050539/http://www.businessinsider.com/natgeo-cops-to-recent-photo-fraud-plus-10-major-photoshopping-scandals-2010-6 |archive-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="romanian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.natgeo.ro/articole/romania/locuri-si-oameni-ro/39907-cel-putin-deocamdata-revista-national-geographic-nu-va-mai-aparea-in-tara-noastra|title=Cel puțin deocamdată, revista National Geographic nu va mai apărea în țara noastră – Revista National Geographic Romania|access-date=February 2, 2022|archive-date=June 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629184600/https://www.natgeotv.com/ro|url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* Stephanie L. Hawkins, ''American Iconographic: "National Geographic," Global Culture, and the Visual Imagination'', University of Virginia Press, 2010, 264 pages. A scholarly study of the magazine's rise as a cultural institution that uses the letters of its founders and its readers; argues that ''National Geographic'' encouraged readers to question Western values and identify with others. {{ISBN|978-0-8139-2966-8}}
* Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins. ''Reading National Geographic.'' Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993. A foundational work in the field of [[visual anthropology]]. In 1915, Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor announced seven principles which would guide ''National Geographic''. These included a call for absolute accuracy and objective reporting of important issues. Nothing controversial or partisan would be included. The emphasis would be on the photographs themselves.
* Robert M. Poole, ''Explorers House: National Geographic and the World it Made'', 2004; reprint, Penguin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-14-303593-0}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|National Geographic}}
{{Wikisource|National Geographic Magazine}}
* {{Official website|https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/}}
* [http://www.coverbrowser.com/covers/national-geographic All the magazine's covers published since 1888 until the year 2000]
* [[iarchive:NationalGeographicMagazineCollection/mode/2up|Archived National Geographic magazines]] on the Internet Archive

{{National Geographic |state=collapsed}}
{{NatGeo covers |state=collapsed}}
{{DisneyConsumer}}
{{Authority control |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1888 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Cultural magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:History magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1888]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Multilingual magazines]]
[[Category:National Geographic Partners]]
[[Category:National Geographic Society magazines]]
[[Category:Science and technology magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:National Geographic photographers]]
[[Category:National Geographic people]]
[[Category:Disney Publishing Worldwide]]