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{{Short description|Gay manga}}
{{italic title}}
{{good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Redirect2|Gay manga|Men's Love|the genre of homoerotic relationship between male characters|Boys' love}}
{{Anime and manga}}

{{nihongo||薔薇|'''Bara'''|{{lit|[[rose]]}}|lead=yes}} is a [[colloquialism]] for a genre of Japanese art and media known within Japan as {{nihongo|'''gay manga'''|ゲイ漫画}} or {{nihongo||ゲイコミ|'''gei komi'''|"gay comics"}}. The genre focuses on male [[homoeroticism|same-sex love]], as created primarily by [[gay men]] for a gay male audience. ''Bara'' can vary in visual style and plot, but typically features [[masculinity|masculine]] men with varying degrees of [[muscle]], [[body fat]], and [[body hair]], akin to [[Bear (gay culture)|bear]] or [[bodybuilding]] culture. While ''bara'' is typically pornographic, the genre has also depicted [[romance novel|romantic]] and [[autobiography|autobiographical]] subject material, as it acknowledges the varied reactions to [[Homosexuality in Japan#Homosexuality in modern Japan|homosexuality in modern Japan]].

The use of ''bara'' as an umbrella term to describe gay Japanese comic art is largely a non-Japanese phenomenon, and its use is not universally accepted by creators of gay manga. In non-Japanese contexts, ''bara'' is used to describe a wide breadth of Japanese and Japanese-inspired gay erotic media, including illustrations published in early Japanese gay men's magazines, western [[fan art]], and [[gay pornography]] featuring human actors. ''Bara'' is distinct from ''[[yaoi]]'', a genre of Japanese media focusing on homoerotic relationships between male characters that historically has been created by and for women.

==Etymology==
[[File:Rosa Red Chateau01.jpg|thumb|right|The term ''bara'' translates literally to "[[rose]]" in Japanese, and has historically been used as a [[pejorative]] for gay men roughly equivalent to the English language term "[[wikt:pansy#Synonyms|pansy]]".]]

The term {{nihongo||薔薇|bara}}, which translates literally to "[[rose]]" in Japanese, has historically been used in Japan as a [[pejorative]] for gay men, roughly equivalent to the English language term "[[wikt:pansy#Synonyms|pansy]]".<ref name="Problem"/>{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=40}}  Beginning in the 1960s, the term was [[reappropriated]] by Japanese gay media: notably with the 1961 [[anthology]] {{Interlanguage link|Ba-ra-kei: Ordeal by Roses|lt=''Ba-ra-kei: Ordeal by Roses''|ja|薔薇刑|WD=}}, a collection of semi-nude photographs of gay writer [[Yukio Mishima]] by photographer [[Eikoh Hosoe]],{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=34}} and later with {{nihongo||薔薇族|[[Barazoku]]|lit. "rose tribe"}} in 1971, the first commercially produced gay magazine in Asia.<ref name="TimesBarazoku"/> ''Bara-eiga'' ("rose film") was additionally used in the 1980s to describe [[gay cinema]].{{sfn|McLelland|2000|p=35}}

By the late 1980s, as [[Homosexuality in Japan#Homosexuality in modern Japan|LGBT political movements in Japan]] began to form, the term fell out of use,<ref name="Problem"/> with {{nihongo||ゲイ|gei}} becoming the preferred nomenclature for people who experience same-sex attraction.{{sfn|Mackintosh|2006}} The term was revived as a pejorative in the late 1990s concurrent with the rise of internet [[message boards]] and [[chat rooms]], where heterosexual administrators designated the gay sections of their websites as "bara boards" or "bara chat".<ref name="Problem"/>{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=34}}<ref name="HistoryofBara"/> The term was subsequently adopted by non-Japanese users of these websites, who believed that ''bara'' was the proper designation for the images and artwork being posted on these forums.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=34}}<ref name="HistoryofBara"/> Since the 2000s, ''bara'' has been used by this non-Japanese audience as an umbrella term to describe a wide variety of Japanese and non-Japanese gay media featuring masculine men, including western [[fan art]], [[gay pornography]], [[Furry fandom|furry]] artwork, and numerous other categories.<ref name="HistoryofBara"/><ref name="Pokemon Peony Bara">{{cite web |last1=Hernandez |first1=Patricia |title=New Pokémon character immediately crowned gay icon by fans |url=https://www.polygon.com/2020/10/26/21534287/pokemon-sword-shield-crown-tundra-peony-gay-lgbtq-chairmain-rose-nintendo-switch-league-card |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103175530/https://www.polygon.com/2020/10/26/21534287/pokemon-sword-shield-crown-tundra-peony-gay-lgbtq-chairmain-rose-nintendo-switch-league-card |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |date=October 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

This [[Cultural appropriation|misappropriation]] of ''bara'' by a non-Japanese audience has been controversial among creators of gay manga, many of whom have expressed discomfort or confusion over the term being used to describe their work.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=33}}<ref name="Hairpin">{{cite web |last=Randle |first=Chris |date=December 31, 2014 |title=Size Matters: An Interview With Anne Ishii |url=https://www.thehairpin.com/2014/12/size-matters-an-interview-with-anne-ishii/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930155549/https://www.thehairpin.com/2014/12/size-matters-an-interview-with-anne-ishii/ |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=September 2, 2018 |website=[[The Hairpin]]}}</ref> Artist and historian [[Gengoroh Tagame]] has described ''bara'' as "a very negative word that comes with bad connotations",{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=40}} though he later clarified that the term is "convenient for talking about art that is linked by characters that are muscle-y, huge, and hairy", and that his objection was the term's use to describe gay manga creators.<ref name="TCAF"/> Artist Kumada Poohsuke has stated that while he does not find the term offensive, he does not describe his work as ''bara'' because he associates the term with ''Barazoku'', which featured {{Lang|ja-latn|[[bishōnen]]}}-style artwork rather than artwork of masculine men.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=96}}

==History==

===Context: Homosexuality in Japanese visual art===
[[File:Saginoike Heikurō Masatora by Kuniyoshi.jpg|thumb|right|A ''[[musha-e]]'' print by [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]] ({{circa}} 1834)]]

Representations of [[Homosexuality in Japan#Pre-Meiji Japan|homosexuality in Japanese visual art]] have a history and context dating to the [[Muromachi period]], as seen in {{Nihongo3|a collection of illustrations and stories on relationships between Buddhist monks and their adolescent male acolytes|稚児之草子|Chigo no sōshi}} and ''[[shunga]]'' (erotic [[Woodcut|woodblock]] prints originating in the [[Edo period]]).{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=33}}{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=11}} While these works ostensibly depict male-male sexual relations, artist and historian [[Gengoroh Tagame]] questions whether the historic practices of [[sodomy]] and [[pederasty]] represented in these works can be considered analogous to modern conceptions of gay identity, and thus part of the artistic tradition to which contemporary gay erotic Japanese art belongs.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=11}} Tagame instead considers ''[[musha-e]]'' (warrior's pictures) to be a more direct forerunner to art styles common in gay manga: in contrast to pederastic ''shunga'', both gay manga and ''musha-e'' portray masculine men with developed muscles and thick body hair, often in cruel or violent scenarios.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=14}}

===1960s: Early erotic magazines ===
While erotic artwork was a major component of the earliest gay Japanese periodicals, notably the 1952 private circulation magazine {{ill|Adonis (magazine){{!}}''Adonis''|ja|アドニス会}},{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=32}} contemporary gay erotic art as medium in Japan traces its origins to the [[fetish magazine]] {{ill|Fuzokukitan{{!}}''Fuzokukitan''|ja|風俗奇譚}}.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=8}} Published from 1960 to 1974, ''Fuzokukitan'' included gay content alongside straight and [[lesbian]] content, as well as articles on homosexuality.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=8}}{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=32}} Early gay erotic artists [[Tatsuji Okawa]], [[Sanshi Funayama]], [[Go Mishima]] and [[Go Hirano]] made their debuts in the magazine, alongside unauthorized reproductions of illustrations by gay Western artists such as [[George Quaintance]] and [[Tom of Finland]].{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=10}} ''Bara'', the first Japanese magazine aimed specifically at a gay male audience, was published in 1964 as a members only, small circulation magazine.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=10}}

Gay erotic art of this period typically depicts what Tagame describes as "darkly spiritual male beauty", emphasizing a sense of sorrow and [[Sentimentalism (literature)|sentimentalism]]. Men from "the traditional [[homosocial]] world of Japan", such as [[samurai]] and ''[[yakuza]]'', appear frequently as subjects.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=15}} The homoerotic photography of [[Tamotsu Yatō]] and [[Kuro Haga]] served as a significant influence on the initial wave of gay artists that emerged in the 1960s, with very little Western influence seen in these early works.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|pp=15–16}}

===1970s and 1980s: Genre commercialization===
Erotic magazines aimed specifically at a gay male audience proliferated in the 1970s – first ''[[Barazoku]]'' in 1971, followed by {{ill|Adon (magazine){{!}}''Adon''|ja|アドン (雑誌)}} and {{ill|Sabu (magazine){{!}}''Sabu''|ja|さぶ (雑誌)}} in 1974 – leading to the decline of general fetish magazines like ''Fuzokukitan''.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=11}} These new magazines featured gay manga as part of their editorial material; notable early serializations include {{Nihongo3|"How Are You"|ごきげん曜|Gokigenyō}} by Yamaguchi Masaji ({{Lang|ja|山口正児}}) in ''Barazoku'', and ''Tough Guy'' ({{Lang|ja|タフガイ}}) and ''Make Up'' (メイクアップ) by Kaidō Jin ({{Lang|ja|海藤仁}}) in ''Adon''.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=18}} The commercial success of these magazines resulted in the creation of [[spin-off (media)|spin off]] publications that focused on photography and illustrations: ''Barazoku'' launched {{Nihongo3|"Young Men's Illustrated News"|青年画報|Seinen-gahō}}, while ''Sabu'' launched {{Nihongo3|"That Guy"|あいつ|Aitsu}} and ''Sabu Special''.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=16}} Most notable was among these spin-offs was ''Barakomi'' ({{Lang|ja|バラコミ}}), a 1986 supplemental issue of ''Barazoku'' that was the first magazine to publish gay manga exclusively.<ref name="TCAF"/>{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=32}}

By the 1980s, gay [[lifestyle magazine]]s that published articles on [[gay culture]] alongside erotic material had grown in popularity: {{ill|The Gay{{!}}''The Gay''|ja|The Gay}} was launched by photographer Ken Tōgō, ''MLMW'' launched as a lifestyle spinoff of ''Adon'',{{sfn|Tagame|2003|pp=16–17}} and ''[[Samson (magazine)|Samson]]'' launched as a lifestyle magazine in 1982 before later shifting to content focused on [[fat fetishism]].{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=16}} Most publishers folded their spin-off and supplemental publications by the end of the decade, though gay magazines continued to publish gay artwork and manga.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=19}}

The artists that emerged during this period, notably [[Sadao Hasegawa]], [[Ben Kimura (artist)|Ben Kimura]], [[Rune Naito]], and [[George Takeuchi]], varied widely in style and subject material.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=18}} Nonetheless, their artwork was united by a tone that was generally less sorrowful than that of the artists that emerged in the 1960s, a trend Tagame attributes to the gradual decline in the belief that homosexuality was shameful or abnormal.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=18}} Their work was also more overtly influenced by American and European gay culture in its subject material, with sportsmen, [[jock strap]]s, and [[Leather subculture|leather garments]] appearing more frequently than ''yakuza'' and samurai.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=18}} Tagame attributes this shift to the increased access of American [[gay pornography]] for use as reference material and inspiration,{{sfn|Tagame|2006|p=11}} and the growth in popularity of [[sports manga]], which emphasized themes of athleticism and manliness.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=26}}

===1990s: ''G-men'' and aesthetic changes===
[[File:FIBD2017GengorohTagame-Portrait.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gengoroh Tagame]], whose manga in ''[[G-men (magazine)|G-men]]'' is credited with shifting the aesthetics of gay manga towards masculine men]]
The trend towards lifestyle-focused publishing continued into the 1990s, with the founding of the magazines ''[[Badi (magazine)|Badi]]'' ("Buddy") in 1994 and ''[[G-men (magazine)|G-men]]'' in 1995. Both of these magazines included editorial coverage of [[gay pride]], [[club culture]], and [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]-related topics alongside gay manga and other erotic content.{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=20}} ''G-men'' was co-founded by Gengoroh Tagame, who made his debut as a gay manga artist in 1987 writing manga for ''Sabu'', and who would emerge as the most influential creator in the medium.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=39}}

''G-men'' was part of a concerted effort by Tagame to "change the status quo of gay magazines"<ref name="Vice"/> away from the aesthetic of {{Lang|ja-latn|[[bishōnen]]}} – delicate and androgynous boys and young men that were popular in gay media at the time – and towards the depictions of masculine men that gay manga is now associated with.<ref name="du9"/>{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2013|p=272}} The "[[Bear (gay culture)|bear-type]]" aesthetic pioneered by Tagame's manga in ''G-men'' is credited with provoking a major stylistic shift in [[Shinjuku Ni-chōme]], the [[gay neighborhood]] of Tokyo. Following the publication of ''G-men'', the "slender and slick" clean-shaven style popular among gay men was replaced with "stubble, beards and moustaches [...] extremely short became the most common hair style and the broad muscular body, soon to evolve to chubby and outright fat, became highly fashionable."{{sfn|Lunsing|2006|loc=21}}

Manga culture significantly influenced gay erotic artwork during this period, and gay manga occupied a central place in the editorial material of both ''Badi'' and ''G-men''.{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=22}} ''G-men'' in particular served an as incubator for up-and-coming gay manga talent, launching the careers of artists such as [[Jiraiya (artist)|Jiraiya]].{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=39}} The magazine also encouraged steady readership by publishing serialized stories, which encouraged purchase of every issue.{{sfn|McLelland|2000|p=140}} Conversely, ''Adon'' removed pornographic material from the magazine entirely; the move was unsuccessful and the magazine folded in 1996.<ref name="Lunsing" />

===2000s–present: The decline of magazines and the rise of "''bara''"===
Gay magazines declined significantly in popularity by the early 2000s, as the [[personal advertisement]] sections that drove sales for many of these magazines were supplanted by [[Telekura|telephone personals]] and later [[Online dating service|online dating]].{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=22}} Nearly all of the major gay magazines folded in the subsequent two decades: ''Sabu'' in 2001,{{sfn|Tagame|2003|p=20}} ''Barazoku'' in 2004,<ref name="TimesBarazoku" /> ''G-men'' in 2016,<ref name="Gmenending" /> and ''Badi'' in 2019.<ref name="BadiClosure"/> {{As of|2022}}, only ''Samson'' remains active.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Loveridge |first1=Lynzee |title=Eisner Winning Manga Creator Gengoroh Tagame Laments End of Adult Gay Manga Mags |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-01-07/eisner-winning-manga-creator-gengoroh-tagame-laments-end-of-adult-gay-manga-mags/.141743 |website=Anime News Network |access-date=September 16, 2021 |date=January 7, 2019}}</ref> As magazines declined, new types of gay art emerged from contexts entirely separate from gay magazines. Pamphlets and flyers for gay events and education campaigns in Japan began to feature [[Vector graphics|vector artwork]] that, while not overtly pornographic, drew on gay manga in style and form.{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=23}} [[Art exhibition]]s also became an area of expression, as new venues and spaces emerged that welcomed the display of gay erotic artwork.{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=23}} With a lack of viable major print alternatives, many gay manga artists began to self-publish their works as ''[[dōjinshi]]'' (self-published comics).{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=41}} Gay manga artists like [[Gai Mizuki]] emerged as prolific creators of ''dōjinshi'', creating [[slash fiction|slash]]-inspired [[derivative works]] based on media properties such as ''[[Attack on Titan]]'' and ''[[Fate/Zero]]''.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=155}}<ref name="MizukiDoujins" />

Beginning in the 2000s, gay manga began to attract an international audience through the circulation of [[Internet piracy|pirated]] and [[Scanlation|scanlated]] artwork on the internet.{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=25}} A scanlation of ''[[Kuso Miso Technique]]'', a 1987 one-shot by [[Junichi Yamakawa]] originally published in ''Bara-Komi'', became infamous during this period as an [[internet meme]].<ref name="zakzak"/> ''Bara'' emerged among this international audience as a term to distinguish gay erotic art created by gay men for a gay male audience from ''[[yaoi]]'', or gay erotic art created by and for women (see [[#Comparison to yaoi|Comparison to yaoi]] below).{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=25}} The circulation of these works online led to the formation of an international ''bara'' [[fandom]], and the emergence of non-Japanese gay erotic artists who began to draw in a "''bara'' style" that was influenced by Japanese erotic art.{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=25}} This period also saw the rise in popularity of ''kemono'' ({{Lang|ja|ケモノ}}, "beastmen", or [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] characters analogous to the Western [[furry fandom|furry subculture]]) as subjects in gay manga, a trend Tagame attributes to appearances by this type of character in video games and anime.{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=26}}

==Concepts and themes==
[[File:Drawing of a hairy muscular man wearing swim briefs.jpg|thumb|Gay manga often features masculine men with varying degrees of muscle, body fat, and body hair. This is a drawing of a muscular man without defined [[Rectus abdominis muscle|abdominal muscles]], which provides a typical example of a ''gachimuchi'' body type.]]

Gay manga is typically categorized based on the [[body shape]] of the characters depicted; common designations include {{nihongo|''gatchiri''|ガッチリ||"muscular"}}, {{nihongo|''gachimuchi''|ガチムチ||"muscle-curvy" or "muscle-chubby"}}, {{nihongo|''gachidebu''|ガチデブ||"muscle-fat"}}, and {{nihongo|''debu''|デブ||"fat"}}.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=34}}<ref name="Hairpin"/> While the rise of [[Comics anthology|comic anthologies]] has promoted longer, serialized stories, most gay manga stories are [[One-shot (comics)|one-shots]]. [[BDSM]] and non-consensual sex are common themes in gay manga,{{sfn|Lunsing|2006}}<ref name="BLLAB"/> as well as stories based on relationships structured around age, status, or power dynamics. Often, the older or more senior character uses the younger or subordinate character for sexual purposes,{{sfn|McLelland|2000|pp=159–160}} though some gay manga stories subvert this dynamic and show a younger, physically smaller, often [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] man as the dominant sexual partner to an older, larger, often [[blue-collar]] man.<ref name="Simona"/> As with ''[[yaoi]]'', the [[Top, bottom and versatile#Bottom|bottom]] in gay manga is often depicted as shy, reluctant, or unsure of his sexuality. Consequently, much of the [[Yaoi#Criticism|criticism of ''yaoi'']] – misogyny, a focus on rape, the absence of a Western-style gay identity – is similarly levied against gay manga.{{sfn|Lunsing|2006}}

The majority of gay manga stories are pornographic, often focusing on sex to the exclusion of plot and character development.{{sfn|McLelland|2000|p=136}} Though some gay manga stories include realistic depictions of gay male lives – addressing subject material such as [[coming out]], [[gay pride]], and [[same-sex marriage]] – sex and sexuality is frequently the primary focus.{{sfn|McLelland|2000|p=136}} Nonetheless, some gay manga stories explore [[Romance novel|romantic]], [[autobiographical]], and [[drama]]tic subject material,<ref name="AndersonBara"/> and eschew depictions of sex entirely. A notable example of non-erotic gay manga is ''[[My Brother's Husband]]'', the first all-ages manga by Gengoroh Tagame, which focuses on themes of [[homophobia]], cultural difference, and family.<ref name="MBH"/>

==Media==

===Japanese publishing===
Until the early 2000s, gay manga was published exclusively in gay general interest magazines. These magazines typically published 8 to 24 page [[One-shot (comics)|one-shot]]s (standalone single chapter stories), although some magazines, notably ''G-men'', published serialized stories.{{sfn|McLelland|2000|p=136}} Several attempts were made at creating publications dedicated exclusively to gay manga prior to the 2000s, notably ''Bara-Komi'' in 1986 and ''P-Nuts'' in 1996, though none were commercially successful.<ref name="AndersonBara"/>{{sfn|Thompson|2007|p=414}}

In 2002, [[Yaoi|boys' love]] (BL) publisher Kosai Comics ({{Lang|ja|光彩コミックス}}) released the manga anthology {{Nihongo3|"Muscleman"|筋肉男|Kinniku-Otoko}}, a quarterly anthology featuring what the publisher termed "muscle BL" aimed at a crossover audience of ''yaoi'' and gay manga readers (see [[#Crossover with yaoi|Crossover with ''yaoi'']] below).{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=24}} Many of the contributors to ''Kinniku-Otoko'' began their manga careers as ''dōjinshi'' creators, and most were women; over time ''Kinniku-Otoko'' came to include gay male artists, notably gay manga artist [[Takeshi Matsu]], who made his debut as an erotic artist in the anthology.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=119}}

In 2004, ''G-men'' parent company Furukawa Shobu published a pair of manga anthologies aimed at gay men, ''Bakudan'' (published quarterly) and ''Gekidan'' (published bimonthly). Individual titles from these anthologies were collected into ''tankōbon'' under the Bakudan Comics imprint.<ref name="AndersonBara"/> In 2006, boys' love publisher Aqua Comics (an imprint of {{ill|Oakla Publishing|ja|オークラ出版}}) began publishing the {{nihongo|"men's love"|ML メンズラブ|menzu rabu}} manga anthologies ''Nikutai Ha'' (''Muscle Aqua''), ''Oaks'', and ''G's Comics''. When collected into ''tankōbon'', these manga are issued under the same imprint as Aqua's mainstream ''yaoi'' books, and bear the same [[trade dress]].<ref name="muscleBL"/> Since the release of ''The Dangerous Games of Dr. Makumakuran'' by Takeshi Matsu in 2015, no additional gay manga titles have been published by Aqua.<ref name="dangerousgame"/>

===Foreign publishing===
Many Japanese publishers and creators of gay manga actively seek foreign readers,<ref name="chicks"/> though in lieu of official licensed translations, gay manga is often [[pirated]] and [[scanlation|scanlated]] into English.<ref name="Deppeyscans"/> In 2008, [[Spain|Spanish]] publisher La Cúpula published an anthology of works by Jiraiya,<ref name="spainjiraiya" /> and manga by Gengoroh Tagame in 2010.<ref name="spaintagame" /> In 2011, the [[Mexico|Mexican]] gay magazine ''Anal Magazine'' published drawings by Gengoroh Tagame in its second issue. Works by Gengoroh Tagame have additionally been translated into French by H&O éditions.<ref name="tagamefrench" /> The first gay manga to receive an officially-licensed English-language translation was ''Standing Ovations'', a one-shot by Gengoroh Tagame published in the American [[erotic comics]] anthology ''Thickness'' (2011–2012).<ref name="thickness" /> In 2012, [[Digital Manga]] published an English-language translation of Reibun Ike's ''Hide and Seek'', a men's love series originally published by Aqua Comics.<ref name="hideandseek" />

In 2013, [[PictureBox]] published ''The Passion of Gengoroh Tagame: Master of Gay Erotic Manga'', the first book-length work of gay manga to be published in English.<ref name="passionoftagame" /> That same year, [[Massive Goods]] was founded by [[Anne Ishii]] and [[Graham Kolbeins]], two of the editors of ''The Passion of Gengoroh Tagame'', which creates English-language translations of gay manga and products featuring the works of gay manga artists.<ref name="Hairpin"/> In December 2014, [[Fantagraphics]] and Massive published ''[[Massive: Gay Erotic Manga and the Men Who Make It]]'', the first English-language anthology of gay manga.<ref name=massive>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/massive-gay-japanese-manga_n_6587654 |title='Massive: Gay Erotic Manga And The Men Who Make It,' Chronicles Gay Japanese Manga | last=Nichols | first=James | work=[[HuffPost]] | date=February 2, 2015}}</ref> Co-edited by Ishii, Kolbeins, and [[Chip Kidd]], ''Massive'' was nominated for an [[Eisner Award]] for [[Eisner Award for Best Anthology|Best Anthology]].<ref name="EISNER"/> From 2014 to 2016, German book publishing house [[Bruno Gmünder Verlag]] published works by Tagame, Takeshi Matsu, and Mentaiko Itto in English under their "Bruno Gmünder Gay Manga" imprint.<ref name=massive/>

===Other media===
In contrast to [[hentai]] and ''[[yaoi]]'', which are regularly adapted from manga to [[original video animation]]s (OVAs) and ongoing animated series, there have been no [[anime]] adaptations of gay manga.<ref name="Anime"/> This can be owed to the significant financial costs associated with producing animation relative to the [[Niche market|niche]] audience of gay manga, as well as the absence of gay [[List of manga magazines|manga magazines]] producing [[Serial (literature)|serialized content]] that would lend itself to episodic adaptation.<ref name="Anime"/> Despite this, the increased presence of objectified masculine bodies as [[fan service]] in anime beginning in the 2010s has been cited as an example of gay manga's influence on mainstream anime, as in series such as ''[[All Out!!]]'', ''[[Free!]]'', and ''[[Golden Kamuy]]''.<ref name="Anime"/><ref name="Kamuy"/>

==Comparison to ''yaoi''==
{{details|Yaoi}}

===Distinction from ''yaoi''===
{{Nihongo|''[[Yaoi]]''|やおい||also known as boys' love or BL}} is an additional manga genre that focuses on gay male romance and sex. The genre is a distinct category from gay manga, having originated in the 1970s as an offshoot of [[shōjo manga|''shōjo'' manga]]<ref name="Haggerty"/> that was inspired by ''Barazoku'' and European cinema.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=32}} ''Yaoi'' has historically been created primarily by women for a primarily female audience,<ref name="pedagogy" /><ref name = "Korean Fandom"/> and typically features {{Lang|ja-latn|[[bishōnen]]}} who often do not self-identify as gay or bisexual.<ref name="bonking"/><ref name="Akibayaoi"/><ref name="about"/> The genre is often framed as a form of [[escapist fiction]], depicting sex that is free of the [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] trappings of heterosexual pornography; ''yaoi'' can therefore be understood as a primarily [[feminist]] phenomenon, whereas gay manga is an expression of gay male identity.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=32}} Gay manga does not aim to recreate [[Gender roles in non-heterosexual communities|heteronormative gender roles]], as ''yaoi'' does with [[Yaoi#Seme and uke|''seme'' and ''uke'']] dynamics.{{sfn|McLelland|2000|p=136}}

===Crossover with ''yaoi''===
The early 2000s saw a degree of overlap between ''yaoi'' and gay manga in [[BDSM]]-themed publications. The ''yaoi'' BDSM anthology magazine {{nihongo||絶対零度|Zettai Reido}} had several male contributors,{{sfn|Lunsing|2006}}<ref name="BLLAB"/> while several female ''yaoi'' authors have contributed stories to BDSM-themed gay manga anthologies or special issues,<ref name="BLLAB"/> occasionally under male [[pen name]]s.{{sfn|Ishii|Kidd|Kolbeins|2014|p=32}} Concurrently, several ''yaoi'' publishers commissioned works featuring masculine men, aimed at appealing to an audience of both gay manga and ''yaoi'' readers (see [[#Japanese publishing|Japanese publishing]] above).{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=24}} Gengoroh Tagame argues that these crossover publications represent the movement of ''yaoi'' away from [[aestheticism]] and towards the commercialization of male-male sexuality for a female market.{{sfn|Tagame|2013|p=24}}

The late 2010s and onwards have seen the increasing popularity of masculine men in ''yaoi'', with growing emphasis on stories featuring larger and more muscular bodies, older characters, and ''seme'' and ''uke'' characters of physically comparable sizes.<ref name="ChilChil"/><ref name="June1"/> A 2017 survey by ''yaoi'' publisher [[Digital Manga#Digital Manga Publishing|Juné Manga]] found that while over 80% of their readership previously preferred ''bishōnen'' body types exclusively, 65% now enjoy both ''bishōnen'' and muscular body types.<ref name="June2"/> Critics and commentators have noted that this shift in preferences among ''yaoi'' readers, and subsequent creation of works that feature characteristics of both ''yaoi'' and gay manga, represents a blurring of the distinctions between the genres;<ref name="TCAF"/><ref name="June1"/> anthropologist Thomas Baudinette notes in his fieldwork that gay men in Japan "saw no need to sharply disassociate BL from ''gei komi'' when discussing their consumption of 'gay media'."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baudinette|first=Thomas|date=2017-04-01|title=Japanese gay men's attitudes towards 'gay manga' and the problem of genre|journal=East Asian Journal of Popular Culture|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=63|doi=10.1386/eapc.3.1.59_1|issn=2051-7084}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{ill|Gay magazines in Japan|ja|ゲイ雑誌}} {{in lang|ja}}
* {{ill|Gay pornography in Japan|ja|ゲイ・ポルノ}} {{in lang|ja}}
* {{ill|Gay video in Japan|ja|ゲイビデオ}} {{in lang|ja}}
* [[Billy Herrington]], American pornographic film actor and subject of the "Gachimuchi Pants Wrestling" internet meme
* [[LGBT themes in comics]]
* [[Pornography in Japan]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="about">{{Cite web |url=http://manga.about.com/od/mangaartistswriters/a/EFriedman.htm |title=Interview: Erica Friedman (via archive) |access-date=March 6, 2008 |work=Manga |publisher=[[About.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105202757/http://manga.about.com/od/mangaartistswriters/a/EFriedman.htm | archive-date= January 5, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="Akibayaoi">{{cite web |last1=Lees |first1=Sharon |title=Yaoi and Boys Love |url=http://www.akibaangels.com/articles/06_2006/yaoiandBL.php |website=Akiba Angels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102055333/http://www.akibaangels.com/articles/06_2006/yaoiandBL.php |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |date=June 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="AndersonBara">{{cite web
|last = Anderson
|first = Tina
|author-link = Tina Anderson
|title = That Damn Bara Article!
|date = January 2018
|publisher = Guns, Guys & Yaoi
|url = https://gunsguysyaoi.blog/2018/01/01/archive-that-damned-bara-article/
|access-date = August 19, 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Anime">{{cite web
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<ref name="BadiClosure">{{cite web
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<ref name="BLLAB">{{cite web|url=http://www.akibanana.com/?q=node/1670 |title=Simona's BL Research Lab: Reibun Ike, Hyogo Kijima, Inaki Matsumoto |last=Simona |date=May 13, 2009 |publisher=Akibanana |access-date=August 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003103542/http://www.akibanana.com/?q=node%2F1670 |archive-date=October 3, 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

<ref name="bonking">{{cite journal|last=McLelland|first=Mark|date=December 4, 2006|title=Why are Japanese Girls' Comics full of Boys Bonking?|journal=Refractory: A Journal of Entertainment Media|volume=10|issn=1447-4905|url=http://blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au/refractory/2006/12/04/why-are-japanese-girls%E2%80%99-comics-full-of-boys-bonking1-mark-mclelland/|access-date=September 1, 2009|archive-date=April 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415173709/http://blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au/refractory/2006/12/04/why-are-japanese-girls%E2%80%99-comics-full-of-boys-bonking1-mark-mclelland/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="chicks">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/chicks-on-anime/2008-11-25 |title=GloBL and Gay Comics - Chicks On Anime |publisher=Anime News Network |date=November 25, 2008 |access-date=September 8, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="ChilChil">{{cite web
 |url= https://www.chil-chil.net/compNewsDetail/k/blnews/no/20066/
 |title= 平成BL漫画の絵柄遍歴を描いてみた (in Japanese)
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<ref name=dangerousgame>{{cite web
 |url= http://oakla.com/aquaboys/%e3%83%9e%e3%82%af%e3%83%9e%e3%82%af%e3%83%a9%e3%83%b3%e5%8d%9a%e5%a3%ab%e3%81%ae%e5%8d%b1%e9%99%ba%e3%81%aa%e3%81%8a%e9%81%8a%e6%88%af
 |title= マクマクラン博士の危険なお遊戯
 |date= December 12, 2015
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 |url-status= dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name="Deppeyscans">{{cite web | title=A Comics Reader's Guide to Manga Scanlations (via Archive) |last= Deppey |first=Dirk |author-link=Dirk Deppey | url=http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=430&Itemid=70 | publisher=[[The Comics Journal]] | access-date=July 11, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327113457/http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=430&Itemid=70 | archive-date= March 27, 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="du9">{{cite web |last1=Guilbert |first1=Xavier |title=Tagame Gengoroh |url=https://www.du9.org/en/entretien/tagame-gengoroh-2/ |website=du9 |access-date=February 3, 2021 |date=May 9, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="EISNER">{{cite web
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<ref name="Gmenending">{{cite web|url= http://gaymanga.tumblr.com/post/139496928272/some-sad-news-after-21-years-and-241-issues|title= Some Sad News|last= Kolbeins|first= Graham|date= February 17, 2016|work= Gay Manga!|access-date= September 3, 2018}}</ref>

 <ref name=Haggerty>{{cite book
 |last = Haggerty
 |first = George E.
 |title = Encyclopedia of Gay Histories and Cultures
 |publisher = Taylor & Francis
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 }}</ref>

<ref name="hideandseek">{{cite web|title=Hide and Seek {{!}} eManga|url=https://www.emanga.com/detail?itemid=818|publisher=eManga|access-date=May 8, 2013|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075412/https://www.emanga.com/detail?itemid=818|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=HistoryofBara>{{cite web |url= http://gaymanga.tumblr.com/post/86321737982/tagagen-my-old-friend-sent-me-a-vintage |title= The History of the Term 'Bara' (via Archive) |last= Kolbeins |first= Graham |date=May 20, 2014 |work= Gay Manga! |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718132337/http://gaymanga.tumblr.com/post/86321737982/tagagen-my-old-friend-sent-me-a-vintage |access-date= October 8, 2018 |archive-date= July 18, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="June1">{{cite web
 |url= https://junemanga.com/blogs/news/what-is-yaoi-and-where-does-it-go-from-here
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 |last= Grace
 |first= Madison
 |date=  January 24, 2017
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<ref name="June2">{{cite web
 |url= https://junemanga.com/blogs/news/what-is-yaoi-and-where-does-it-go-from-here
 |title= Yaoi: then vs. now
 |last= Grace
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 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kamuy">{{cite web
 |url= https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/08/19-1/theres-no-manservice-like-golden-kamuy-manservice
 |title= There's No Manservice Like 'Golden Kamuy' Manservice 
 |last= Green
 |first= Scott
 |date=  August 19, 2017 
 |website= [[Crunchyroll]]
 |access-date= April 11, 2019
 }}</ref>

<ref name="Korean Fandom">{{Cite web|url=http://moongsil.com/study/yaoi_eng.pdf |title=Reading Yaoi Comics: An Analysis of Korean Girls' Fandom |last=Noh |first=Sueen |year=2002 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928081809/http://moongsil.com/study/yaoi_eng.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Lunsing">{{cite book|last=Lunsing|first=Wim|title=The global emergence of gay and lesbian politics: national imprints of a worldwide movement|editor=Barry D. Adam|editor2=Jan Willem Duyvendak|editor3=André Krouwel|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalemergenceo0000unse/page/293 293–325]|chapter=Japan: Finding its way?|isbn=1-56639-645-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/globalemergenceo0000unse/page/293}}</ref>

<ref name="MBH">{{cite web|last=Alverson |first=Brigid |title=Openly Gay Manga Creator Gengoroh Tagame Talks Breaking Barriers with My Brother's Husband|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/openly-gay-manga-creator-gengoroh-tagame-talks-breaking-barriers-brothers-husband/|website=The B&N Sci-Fi and Fantasy Blog|access-date=July 4, 2017|date=June 29, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="MizukiDoujins">{{cite web
 |url= https://www.doujinshi.org/browse/author/58179/Mizuki-Gai/
 |title= Authors: Mizuki Gai
 |work= The Doujinshi & Manga Lexicon
 |access-date= October 8, 2018
 |archive-date= October 12, 2018
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181012094443/https://www.doujinshi.org/browse/author/58179/Mizuki-Gai/
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 }}</ref>

<ref name="passionoftagame">{{cite web|last=Nadel |first=Dan |title=The Passion of Gengoroh Tagame |url=http://www.pictureboxinc.com/blogs/pbox-world/2012/07/14/the-passion-of-gengoroh-tagame/ |publisher=PictureBox |access-date=July 16, 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723153338/http://www.pictureboxinc.com/blogs/pbox-world/2012/07/14/the-passion-of-gengoroh-tagame/ |archive-date=July 23, 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name="pedagogy">{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Brent |last2=Toku |first2=Masami |title="Boys' Love," Yaoi, and Art Education: Issues of Power and Pedagogy |journal=Visual Cultural Research in Art and Education |date=2003 |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/~mtoku/vc/Articles/toku/Wil_Toku_BoysLove.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015040745/http://www.csuchico.edu/~mtoku/vc/Articles/toku/Wil_Toku_BoysLove.html |archive-date=October 15, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=Problem>{{cite web |url= http://gaymanga.tumblr.com/post/102108686772/i-see-that-the-wish-to-move-away-from-the-term |title= Is 'Bara' Problematic? |last= Kolbeins |first= Graham |date= November 8, 2014 |work= Gay Manga! |access-date= October 8, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Simona">{{cite web|url=http://www.akibanana.com/?q=node/1661 |title=Simona's BL Research Lab: Boys Love for the Boys |last=Simona |date=May 6, 2009 |publisher=Akibanana |access-date=August 29, 2009 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206151117/http://akibanana.com/?q=node%2F1661 |archive-date=February 6, 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name="spainjiraiya">[http://www.lacupula.com/web/autor.do?idAutor=181 La Cúpula: Artist: Jiraiya] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426011222/http://www.lacupula.com/web/autor.do?idAutor=181 |date=April 26, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="spaintagame">[http://www.lacupula.com/web/articulo.do;jsessionid=6D697FCB4707F2F409F4132A87483BB1?idArt=1141 La Cúpula: Details: La casa de los herejes]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713181443/http://www.lacupula.com/web/articulo.do%3Bjsessionid%3D6D697FCB4707F2F409F4132A87483BB1?idArt=1141 |date=July 13, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="tagamefrench">{{cite web|url=https://ho-editions.com/productdisplay/virtus|title=FICHE AUTEUR - Gengoroh Tagame |publisher=H&O Editions |language=fr |access-date=August 28, 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="TCAF">{{cite web |url= http://mangacomicsmanga.com/tcaf-2015-gengoroh-tagame-talks-gay-manga-bara-bl-and-scanlation/ |title= TCAF 2015 – Gengoroh Tagame Talks Gay Manga, 'Bara,' BL and Scanlation |last= Aoki |first= Deb |date= July 22, 2015 |work= Manga Comics Manga |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170924023848/http://mangacomicsmanga.com/tcaf-2015-gengoroh-tagame-talks-gay-manga-bara-bl-and-scanlation/ |access-date= January 12, 2019 |archive-date= September 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="thickness">{{cite web|url=http://thickness.me/|title=Thickness!|publisher=Thickness|access-date=July 16, 2012|archive-date=January 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120192103/http://thickness.me/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="TimesBarazoku">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/voice-of-gay-japan-falls-silent-after-30-years-in-the-pink-pqtmmswbcwk|title=Voice of gay Japan falls silent after 30 years in the pink|last1=Lewis|first1=Leo|last2=Teeman|first2=Tim|date=October 12, 2004|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=September 1, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Vice">{{cite web |last1=Senju |first1=Kaz |title=Inside the Taboo-Filled Mind of Japan's Best BDSM Manga Artist |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/yvxa5w/inside-the-taboo-filled-mind-of-japans-best-bdsm-manga-artist |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=January 21, 2021 |date=March 6, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="muscleBL">{{cite web
 |title       = WeeklyAkibaWords: Gachi Muchi (ガチムチ)
 |publisher   = WeeklyAkibaWords
 |date        = February 27, 2009
 |url         = http://en.akibablog.net/archives/2009/02/weeklyakibawords_gachi_muchi.html
 |access-date  = April 5, 2009
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090302093017/http://en.akibablog.net/archives/2009/02/weeklyakibawords_gachi_muchi.html
 |archive-date = March 2, 2009
 |url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="zakzak">{{cite web|url=http://www.zakzak.co.jp/top/2008_02/t2008020901_all.html |trans-title=The comeback of homomanga popularity on the internet...who is Yamajun?|script-title=ja:ネット人気でホモマンガ復刻…ヤマジュンって誰だ？|publisher=Zakzak|date=February 9, 2008|access-date=July 11, 2009|language= ja |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080209214547/http://www.zakzak.co.jp/top/2008_02/t2008020901_all.html |archive-date = February 9, 2008}}</ref>

}}

=== General and cited references ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Ishii |editor1-first=Anne |editor2-last=Kidd |editor2-first=Chip |editor3-last=Kolbeins |editor3-first=Graham |editor1-link=Anne Ishii |editor2-link=Chip Kidd |editor3-link=Graham Kolbeins |title=The Passion of Gengoroh Tagame: The Master of Gay Erotic Manga |date=2013 |publisher=[[PictureBox]] |isbn=978-0984589241}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last= Ishii |editor1-first= Anne |editor1-link= Anne Ishii |editor2-last= Kidd |editor2-first= Chip |editor2-link= Chip Kidd |editor3-last= Kolbeins |editor3-first= Graham |editor3-link= Graham Kolbeins |title= [[Massive: Gay Erotic Manga and the Men Who Make It]] |publisher= [[Fantagraphics Books]] |date=2014 |isbn=978-1606997857 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lunsing |first1=Wim |title=Yaoi Ronsō: Discussing Depictions of Male Homosexuality in Japanese Girls' Comics, Gay Comics and Gay Pornography |journal=Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context |date=January 2006 |issue=12 |url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue12/lunsing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210031630/http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue12/lunsing.html |archive-date=10 February 2012  |access-date=12 August 2008}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Mackintosh|first=Jonathan D.|date=January 2006|title=Itō Bungaku and the Solidarity of the Rose Tribes [Barazoku]: Stirrings of Homo Solidarity in Early 1970s Japan |url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue12/aoki.html |journal=Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context |issue=12 |page=note 1 |issn=1440-9151 |access-date=July 17, 2009}}
* {{Cite book|last=McLelland |first=Mark |year=2000 |title=Male Homosexuality in Modern Japan: Cultural Myths and Social Realities |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700714254}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Tagame |first1=Gengoroh |author1-link=Gengoroh Tagame |date=2003 |title=Gay Erotic Art in Japan Vol. 1: Artists From the Time of the Birth of Gay Magazines |publisher=Pot Publishing |isbn=978-4939015588}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Tagame |first1=Gengoroh |title=Gay Erotic Art in Japan Vol. 2: Transitions of Gay Fantasy in the Times |date=2006 |publisher=Pot Publishing |isbn=978-4939015922}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Tagame |first1=Gengoroh |title=Gay Erotic Art in Japan Vol. 3: Growth of the Gay Magazines and the Diversification of their Artists |date=2013|publisher=Pot Publishing |isbn=978-4780802337}}
* {{Cite book|last=Thompson |first=Jason |title=Manga: The Complete Guide |title-link=Manga: The Complete Guide |publisher=Del Rey|year=2007|page=414|isbn=978-0-345-48590-8}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|bara}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Gay manga}}
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}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bara (Genre)}}
[[Category:Anime and manga genres]]
[[Category:Anime and manga terminology]]
[[Category:Bear (gay culture)]]
[[Category:Gay art]]
[[Category:Gay culture in Japan]]
[[Category:Gay male erotica]]
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