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{{Short description|American adventure media franchise}}
{{For multi|the Heinlein character|The Cat Who Walks Through Walls|the Disney Channel television series|The Famous Jett Jackson|the broadcast interruption|Captain Midnight broadcast signal intrusion|other uses}}
{{Infobox character
| name          = Captain Midnight
| series        =
| image         = [[File:Richard Webb as Captain Midnight 1954.JPG|250px]]
| caption       = Richard Webb as Captain Midnight, 1954.
| first         = 1938 (radio show)
| last          = December 1949 (radio show)
| creator       =  Wilfred G. Moore and Robert M. Burtt
| portrayer     = [[Dave O'Brien (actor)|Dave O'Brien]] ([[Captain Midnight (serial)|serial]])<br />[[Richard Webb (actor)|Richard Webb]] (TV series)
| voice         = 
| lbl1          = 
| data1         = 
| lbl2          =
| data2         = 
| lbl3          = Alter-ego
| data3         = Captain Jim "Red" Albright
| relatives     = 
}}

'''''Captain Midnight''''' (later rebranded on television as '''''Jet Jackson, Flying Commando''''') is an American adventure franchise first broadcast as a radio serial from 1938 to 1949. The character's popularity throughout the 1940s and into the mid-1950s extended to [[serial film]]s (1942), a television show (1954–1956), a syndicated newspaper strip (1942 – late 1940s), and a comic book title (1942–1948).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harmon |first1=Jim |title=Radio Mystery and Adventure and Its Appearances in Film, Television and Other Media |date=2011 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=9780786485086 |pages=7–17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fReqCt2Nqk4C&dq=%22captain+midnight%22+radio&pg=PA10 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>

==Radio origins==
Sponsored by the [[Skelly Oil]] Company, the Captain Midnight radio program was the creation of radio scripters Wilfred G. Moore and Robert M. Burtt, who had previously scored a success for Skelly with their boy pilot adventure serial ''[[The Air Adventures of Jimmie Allen]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Kallis | first1=Stephen A. Jr. |title=Radio's Captain Midnight: The Wartime Biography |date=2004 |publisher=McFarland and Co |isbn=9780786421763 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LODanKb-Y2YC&q=%22captain+midnight%22 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>

Developed at the [[Blackett-Sample-Hummert|Blackett, Sample and Hummert]] advertising agency in Chicago, ''Captain Midnight'' began as a syndicated show on October 17, 1938, airing through the spring of 1940 on a few Midwest stations, including Chicago's [[WGN (AM)|WGN]].<ref>''Variety'', September 13, 1939 issue, page 33</ref> In 1940, [[Ovaltine]], a product of The Wander Company, took over sponsorship. With Pierre Andre as announcer, the series was then heard nationally on the [[Mutual Radio Network]] where it remained until 1942. It moved to the Merchandise Mart and the NBC [[Blue Network]] in September 1942.<ref>''Variety'', October 07, 1942 issue, page 38</ref> When the U.S. Government broke up the NBC Red and Blue Networks, Ovaltine moved the series back to Mutual, beginning September 1945, where it remained until December 1949.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harmon |first1=Jim |title=The Great Radio Heroes |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=9780786483655 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVe2At60U1YC |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>

The show was known for the imaginative use of exciting technological advancements to create narrative thrills, inspiring young audiences to dream of future advances.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zane |first1=Leonard |title=Captain Midnight's Post-war Radio Years: Radio's High-tech Adventure Thrills! |date=2012 |publisher=Bear Manor Media |isbn=9781593932176}}</ref>

==Premise==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2021}}
The title character, originally '''Captain Jim "Red" Albright''', was a [[World War I]] U.S. Army pilot. His Captain Midnight code name was given by a general who sent him on a high-risk mission from which he returned at the stroke of 12. When the show began in 1938, Albright was a private aviator who helped people, but his situation changed in 1940. When the show was taken over by Ovaltine, the origin story explained how Albright was recruited to head the Secret Squadron, an aviation-oriented paramilitary organization fighting sabotage and espionage during the period prior to the United States' entry into [[World War II]]. The Secret Squadron acted both within and outside the United States.

When the United States was [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked at Pearl Harbor]], which curiously was foreshadowed in the program, the show shifted the Secret Squadron's duties to fight the more unconventional aspects of the war. Besides the stock villain, '''Ivan Shark''', the war years introduced [[Axis powers|Axis]] villains Baron von Karp, Admiral Himakito and von Schrecker. The Secret Squadron wartime activities were usually outside the [[Contiguous United States|continental United States]], with adventures in Europe, South America, the Pacific, and continental Asia. War-related subject matter included the theft of an experimental [[Flying Wing]] aircraft, [[radar]] coupled antiaircraft guns, [[jet aircraft]] and other weapons.

After the war, some of the newer villains used war surplus equipment to carry out their activities. Secret Squadron activities shifted to contending with criminals as well as spies. The action continued to operate internationally, with adventures in South America and Africa as well as within the United States.

The show was extremely popular, with an audience in the millions. Just under half the listeners were adult, and it was a favorite of World War II [[United States Army Air Force]] crews when they were stationed in the U.S. [[Radio premiums]] offered by the series (usually marked with Midnight's personal symbol of a winged clock with the hands pointing to midnight) included [[Secret decoder ring|decoders]]. These [[Code-O-Graph]]s were used by listeners to decipher encrypted messages previewing the next day's episode, usually broadcast once a week. Other premiums included rings, telescopes, and World War II items. (The broadcast messages were encrypted with relatively trivial monoalphabetic substitution ciphers with word division.)

The scripts depicted women who were treated as equals, not just characters waiting to be rescued. Both Joyce Ryan of the Secret Squadron and Fury Shark, daughter of villain Ivan Shark, pulled their own weight in the adventures. Joyce went on commando raids and became involved in aerial dogfights during World War II.

==Characters==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2021}}
*'''Captain Midnight'''&nbsp;– World War I aviator who leads the Secret Squadron, though he spends much time in the field actively contending with crime, espionage, and sabotage. He is an extremely skilled aviator with an ability to fly almost any aircraft superlatively. The Captain is usually accompanied by a team consisting of three Secret Squadron members (played by [[Ed Prentiss]], [[Bill Bouchey]] and [[Paul Barnes (actor)|Paul Barnes]], with Ed Prentiss also playing his part as Captain Midnight the longest).
*'''Chuck Ramsay'''&nbsp;– Captain Midnight's ward, a young man in his late teens or early twenties who is a Secret Squadron agent. Prior to the formation of the Secret Squadron, he shared adventures with his guardian. A member of Captain Midnight's usual team, he was played by [[Jules Getlin]], [[Dolph Nelson]], [[Billy Rose (actor)|Billy Rose]], [[Jack Bivans]] and [[Johnny Coons]].
*'''Ichabod "Ikky" Mudd'''&nbsp;– The Secret Squadron's Chief Mechanic. Mudd knew Captain Midnight briefly before the Secret Squadron's formation, and joined the Squadron shortly after it was formed. A member of Captain Midnight's usual team played by [[Hugh Studebaker]], [[Sherman Marks]], [[Art Hern]], and [[Sid Melton]] on television, he was responsible for the development of the Code-O-Graph and also developed some weapons before and during World War II.
*'''Joyce Ryan'''&nbsp;– A young woman in her late teens or early twenties who is a Secret Squadron agent. She was originally discovered as an amnesiac by Captain Midnight and Chuck Ramsay during a 1941 skirmish with the forces of Ivan Shark. She became a Secret Squadron member after several adventures with Captain Midnight, Chuck Ramsay, and Ichabod Mudd, replacing an earlier female companion named Patsy Donovan. Prior to World War II, she regained her memory and elected to remain in the Secret Squadron. A member of Captain Midnight's usual team, she was played by [[Marilou Neumayer]] and [[Angeline Orr]].
*'''Agent Kelly, SS-11'''&nbsp;– Lyle William Kelly, a Secret Squadron agent who frequently accompanied Captain Midnight's usual team on their adventures. Kelly was Captain Midnight's usual liaison to his superior, Major Barry Steele. Kelly was played by [[Olan Soule]].
*'''Major Barry Steele'''&nbsp;– U.S. Army Intelligence officer recalled from inactive duty as Captain Midnight's superior officer. Steele usually worked in the background but often provided the Secret Squadron with data and equipment. He often provided assignments for the Secret Squadron but left its administration to Captain Midnight.
*'''"Mr. Jones"'''&nbsp;– Pseudonym used by the mysterious highly placed government official who created the Secret Squadron and made Captain Midnight its commander, implicitly the [[President of the United States]].
*'''Ivan Shark'''&nbsp;– Ruthless criminal mastermind who developed a highly efficient mercenary organization. Shark often sold services of his organization to agents of foreign governments. Played by [[Boris Aplon]], he was the default villain on the radio program. Although he was captured or thought killed many times, he always returned to plague the hero until, in the final episode, he was eaten by a [[polar bear]] while Captain Midnight watched from a plane overhead.
*'''Fury Shark '''&nbsp;– Ivan Shark's devoted daughter and sadistic second in command in his organization. She frequently took command when Ivan Shark was unable to function (e.g., in prison). Highly intelligent, she always proved herself capable. She was played by [[Rene Rodier]] and [[Sharon Grainger]].
*'''Gardo'''&nbsp;– One of Ivan Shark's principal aides. Gardo was portrayed as being loyal but relatively slow witted, and frequently the butt of Shark's wrath. Occasionally acted as Ivan Shark's pilot.
*'''Fang'''&nbsp;– One of Ivan Shark's pre-war aides, Fang was an Asian, who always addressed Shark as "Master." His presence vanished after World War II.
*'''The Barracuda'''&nbsp;– Head of an extensive criminal organization similar to Ivan Shark's, but headquartered in the Orient. The Barracuda headed the Tiger Tong, a Chinese gang, and had his own private air force. Killed in 1942.
*'''Baron von Karp'''&nbsp;– Nazi World War II villain with whom the Secret Squadron contended, first in the United States, then in occupied Europe.
*'''Admiral Himakito'''&nbsp;– Japanese officer with whom the Secret Squadron contended in the Pacific theater during World War II.

==In other media==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2021}}

===Film===
{{main|Captain Midnight (serial)}}
[[File:1949 Captain Midnight Key-O-Matic Code-O-Graph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|1949 Key-O-Matic Code-O-Graph]]

Popular actor-stunt man [[Dave O'Brien (actor)|Dave O'Brien]] had the title role in the [[Columbia Pictures]] [[Serial (film)|15-episode serial]] ''[[Captain Midnight (serial)|Captain Midnight]]'' ([[1942 in film|1942]]). The serial used some of the characters from the radio show, but differed significantly from the radio program. Missing were the Secret Squadron and the Squadron equipment. The Captain Midnight character was presented as a masked [[secret identity]] for Captain Albright. The serial was later aired (one chapter per week) on select TV stations in the fall of 1953 and early 1954, under the title ''Captain Midnight's Adventure Theatre''. (The TV show began a bit later, on September 4, 1954, on a weekly basis on CBS.

===Television===
The ''Captain Midnight'' TV series, produced by [[Screen Gems]] and starring [[Richard Webb (actor)|Richard Webb]], began September 9, 1954, on CBS, continuing for 39 episodes until January 21, 1956. Each episode was thirty minutes. (The first season ran 26 episodes from September 9, 1954, through February 26, 1955; the second season ran 13 episodes from October 29, 1955, through January 21, 1956).<ref name="Woolery">{{cite book |last1=Woolery |first1=George W. |title=Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part II: Live, Film, and Tape Series |date=1985 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-1651-2 |pages=103–105}}</ref> The sponsors were Ovaltine and Kix Cereal/[[General Mills]].

In the television program, Captain Midnight (now a veteran of the [[Korean War]]) heads the Secret Squadron as a private organization, in contrast to the radio show. As with the Fawcett comic, the only other character of the radio show held over was Ichabod (Ikky) Mudd (played by [[Sid Melton]]), who was used for comic relief. Another regular character was Dr. Aristotle "Tut" Jones, Midnight's resident scientist, played by character actor [[Olan Soule]]. (Soule was the only actor to perform in both the radio program and the television program. In the radio program, he played Agent Kelly, SS-11.)

The aircraft featured in the series is the [[Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket]], named the Silver Dart, and was based on using both models and occasionally stock footage. The series filmed at the [[Ray Corrigan]] Ranch in [[Simi Valley, California]]. Unlike other TV action heroes, Captain Midnight never ventured into space, but rather was confined to Earth's atmosphere. Viewers could send away for a special decoder device and membership kit by including the inner wax seal from a jar of Ovaltine to "Capt. Midnight, Box P, Chicago 77, Illinois".

The show was produced by George Bilson, with theme music by Don Ferris. Special effects were handled by the Dallons brothers. Some episodes included movie actors such as Frank Lacteen, [[Sally Fraser]], [[Harry Lauter]], [[I. Stanford Jolley]], [[Mel Welles]], [[Byron Foulger]], [[Shelley Fabares]], [[Buddy Baer]] and others.

When the TV series went into [[Television syndication|syndication]] in 1958 via Telescreen Advertising, Ovaltine was no longer the sponsor. However, The Wander Company owned the rights to the character's name "Captain Midnight," forcing a title change by Screen Gems from ''Captain Midnight'' to ''Jet Jackson, Flying Commando'', and all references in the episodes to Captain Midnight were redubbed "Jet Jackson."  The series (as "Jet Jackson") was syndicated well into the early 1960s. The ''Jet Jackson'' name was also used for the show's syndication in [[Australia]] in order to avoid confusion with a fictional [[bushranger]] also named Captain Midnight.

===Comic strip===
{{Infobox comic strip
| fgcolor     =
| bgcolor     =
| title       = Captain Midnight
| image       = 
| caption     = 
| author      = [[France Herron]] (1942–1944)
| illustrator = "Jonwan" (Erwin L. Hess)
| current     = 
| url         = 
| status      = Daily and Sunday; concluded
| first       = June 29, 1942
| last        = late 1940s
| altnames    =
| syndicate   = [[Chicago Sun Syndicate]]
| publisher   = 
| genre       = adventure
| rating      = 
| preceded by = 
| followed by = 
}}
A newspaper comic strip, based closely on the radio program, debuted in 1942. The strip, bylined by "Jonwan" (Erwin L. Hess) was drawn in a style similar to that of [[Milton Caniff]]. The major characters of the radio show were retained, including Joyce Ryan, Chuck Ramsay, Ichabod Mudd and Major Barry Steele. The strip was released by the [[Chicago Sun Syndicate]] on June 29, 1942, and ran until the late 1940s. [[France Herron]] wrote the strip from 1942 to 1944.

The strip had some differences from the radio show and did not reprise the radio adventures. In the strip, Captain Midnight was referred to as "an unofficial fighter for freedom," which is at variance from the radio show, where the Secret Squadron was set up by a high governmental official ("Mr. Jones"), which the hero was recruited to head (unless, of course, "unofficial" meant, in the modern pop-culture sense, "subject to official disavowal if caught or killed on a politically sensitive mission"). Even with the variants, it was far closer to the radio show than any of the other spinoffs.

===Comic book===
{{Infobox comics character
| character_name = Captain Midnight
| image          = File:Captain midnight 2012.jpg
| caption        = Promotional art for ''Captain Midnight'' #0 (2012 Free Comic Book Day). Art by Raymond Swanland.
| publisher      = [[Dell Comics]]<br />[[Fawcett Comics]]<br />[[Moonstone Books]]<br />[[Dark Horse Comics]]
| debut          = July, 1941
| creators       = [[Dan Gormley]]
| real_name      = Captain Jim "Red" Albright
| alliances      = Secret Squadron
| powers         = genius-level intelligence, gizmos which release clouds of blinding darkness, infra-red Doom-Beam Torch, Gliderchute
| hero           = y
| module         = {{infobox comic book title | subbox = yes | italic title = no
| title          = Captain Midnight
| image          = Cap midnight 01 1942.jpg
| imagesize      = 100x180px
| caption        = Cover for ''Captain Midnight'' comic book #1 (September, 1942). Art by [[Jack Binder (artist)|Jack Binder]].
| publisher      = [[Fawcett Comics]]
| format         = Standard Golden Age
| issues         = 67
| main_char_team = {{unbulleted list | Captain Midnight | Joyce Ryan | Chuck Ramsay | Sgt. Twilight (Ichabod Mudd) | Major Barry Steele}}
| ongoing        = y
| genre          = [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]
| startyr        = 1942
| endyr          = 1948
| startmo        = Sept.
| endmo          = Sept.
| writers        = [[Otto Binder]]
}}
}}

[[Dell Comics]] published Captain Midnight adventures in ''[[The Funnies]]'' #57 (Captain Midnight's first appearance in comics), #59, 61–63  (Sept. 1941, Nov. 1941–Mar. 1942) and ''[[Popular Comics]]'' #76–78 (June–August 1942).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benton |first1=Mike |title=Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History |date=1992 |publisher=Taylor Publishing Company |location=Dallas |isbn=0-87833-808-X |url=https://archive.org/details/superherocomicso0000bent/page/90 |access-date=1 April 2020 |pages=90–92}}</ref>

[[Fawcett Comics|Fawcett]] published 67 issues of ''Captain Midnight Comics'' from Sept. 1942 to Sept 1948.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benton |first1=Mike |title=Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History |date=1992 |publisher=Taylor Publishing Company |location=Dallas |isbn=0-87833-808-X |url=https://archive.org/details/superherocomicso0000bent/page/156 |access-date=1 April 2020 |pages=156–157}}</ref> [[Otto Binder]] was one of the writers on the comic book. The Fawcett character bore little resemblance to the radio character, and only the character Ichabod Mudd appeared regularly in the comic as the [[sidekick]] '''Sgt. Twilight'''.

Captain Midnight in the comic wore a skintight scarlet suit and used an array of gizmos like [[Doctor Mid-Nite]] which released clouds of blinding darkness, the infra-red "Doom-Beam Torch" which he used to burn his emblem into walls and unlucky villains, and a "Gliderchute" (similar to the flying [[Wingsuit flying|Wingsuit]]) attached to the sides of his costume.

In his Captain Albright secret identity he was a genius-level inventor like Edison. He had a secret laboratory in the desert.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=Stuart |title=Those Unforgettable Super-Heroes of Dell & Gold Key |journal=Alter Ego |issue=151 |page=36 |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |date=March 2018}}</ref>

The Fawcett ''Captain Midnight'' series was reprinted in England by [[L. Miller & Son]] in 40 issues in 1950–1953.<ref>[https://www.comics.org/series/23047/ "Captain Midnight,"] Grand Comics Database. Accessed Nov. 14, 2017.</ref>

In 2010, [[Moonstone Books]]' revival of the [[Hillman Periodicals]] 1940s title ''[[Air Fighters Comics]]'' published its issue #1, which included a new Captain Midnight story.

In 2012, [[Dark Horse Comics]] reintroduced the character, with a three-part story written by [[The Flash (DC Rebirth)|Joshua]] [[Birthright (comic book)|Williamson]] with art by [[Victor Ibañez]] and [[Pere Pérez]].<ref>''Dark Horse Presents'' #18</ref> In June 2013, ''Captain Midnight'' #1 was released by the same publisher as an ongoing series.<ref>[http://www.newsarama.com/18165-pulp-hero-captain-midnight-travels-to-dark-horse-s-present-day.html "Pulp Hero CAPTAIN MIDNIGHT Travels to Dark Horse's Present Day"], Newsarama, 21 June 2013</ref>

===Books===
In 1942 Whitman Publishing released ''Joyce of the Secret Squadron'' as part of the Authorized Editions series.

In 2000, McFarland released ''Radio's Captain Midnight: The Wartime Biography.'' The contents were derived from the Ovaltine-sponsored radio programs, covering the adventures through the close of World War II.

In 2010, [[Moonstone Books]] published a collection of new Captain Midnight short stories entitled ''Captain Midnight Chronicles''. The book's stories reflect an amalgamated version of the Captain Midnight character and his supporting cast, and incorporate elements from the various media incarnations of the character, including the radio and television series, the Columbia movie serial and Fawcett comic book.

==Cultural references to Captain Midnight==
* In the television series ''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show]]'', S05 E27 "The Man From My Uncle", Laura says to Rob "Not every adult still holds on to their Captain Midnight decoder ring" when speaking about his boy-like excitement for the FBI using their home as a stakeout base of operations.
* The 1977 short story "Jeffty Is Five" by [[Harlan Ellison]] prominently features the main characters bonding over Captain Midnight broadcasts and owning Secret Decoder Badges. 
* In [[Stephen King]]'s 1986 horror novel ''It'', during the Losers Club's first underground battle with It in 1958, Maturin the turtle references protagonist Bill Denbrough believing in the existence of Captain Midnight while aiding him in the first Ritual of Chud.
* In the television series ''[[Miami Vice]]'' S03 E13 "Down for the Count, Part 2", Tubbs tells Crockett "And I don't even have my Captain Midnight decoder ring" when they discuss a letter with encrypted information. 
* A hacker using the pseudonym of "Captain Midnight" [[Captain Midnight broadcast signal intrusion|hacked the HBO signal]] in 1986.
* In the 2018 film ''[[The House with a Clock in Its Walls (film)|The House with a Clock in its Walls]]'', both the young hero and the villain are fans of Captain Midnight.  The boy wears Captain Midnight goggles, and the Captain Midnight decoder plays a role in the plot.
*In the [[BBC One]] television series, ''[[Keeping Up Appearances]]'' series 1 third episode "Stately Home" the father of [[Hyacinth Bucket]] dresses up as Captain Midnight to save a woman at the [[Post Office]] from a "fate worse than death" at the hands of aliens. Later on, Hyacinth felt that her father's lewd behavior toward that woman was disgraceful for Captain Midnight.
* In Season 5, Episode 10 of ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'', Max Baer, Jr. as Jethro is piloting the O.K Oil Company corporate jet while wearing an aviator’s helmet with goggles and a leather jacket.  When asked by the co-pilot where he got his wings, he replies, “Captain Midnight”.
* The Statler Brothers' nostalgia song "Do You Remember These" mentions Captain Midnight and Ovaltine in the lyrics.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Ohmart, Ben. ''It's That Time Again.'' (2002) (Albany: BearManor Media) {{ISBN|0-9714570-2-6}}
*Kallis, Stephen A. Jr. ''Radio's Captain Midnight: The Wartime Biography'' (2004) (Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishers) {{ISBN|978-0-7864-2176-3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mwotrc.com/rr2005_08/decoders.htm ''Captain Midnight'' decoder]
*[http://www.otr.com/midnight.shtml Jim Widner's ''Captain Midnight'' history]
*[http://www.collectingbooksandmagazines.com/SQ/sq2.html Richard Webb in ''Captain Midnight'']
*[http://www.otr.com/cm_archives.shtml ''Captain Midnight'' (95 episodes)]
*[http://zootradio.com/Captain_Midnight.php Zoot Radio, free old time radio show downloads of 'Captain Midnight.']
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q3828500|title=Captain Midnight}}

{{GoldenAge}}
{{Otto Binder}}

[[Category:NBC Blue Network radio programs]]
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